IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


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Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  I 
to  th 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


□ 
D 
D 
D 
D 
D 
D 
0 

n 


D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 

Covers  damaged/ 
Couverture  endommagee 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaur^e  et/ou  pelliculde 

Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  g6ographiques  en  couleur 

Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bteue  ou  noire) 


Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 


Bound  with  other  material/ 
Reli6  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows    r  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  reliure  serr^e  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  intdrieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
11  se  peut  qi?n  certaines  pages  blanches  ajoutdes 
lors  d'une  restaur iition  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6t6  filmdes. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppldmentaires; 


L'lnstitut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  dt6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-dtre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  m^thode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiquds  ci-dessous. 


□    Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 

n    Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagdes 

n    Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaurdes  et/ou  pellicul6es 


D 


n 


Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  ddcolordes,  tachetdes  ou  piqu^es 


I      I    Pages  detached/ 


Pages  ddtachdes 

Showthrough/ 
Transparence 


r^    Showthrough/ 


The 
poss 
ofth 
film! 


Origi 
begii 
the  I 
sion, 
othe 
first 
sion, 
or  ill 


□    Quality  of  print  varies/ 
Qualit^  in^gale  de  I'impression 


□    Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  matdriel  supplementaire 


Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  peiure, 
etc.,  ont  6X6  film^es  d  nouveau  de  facon  d 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


The 
shall 
TINl 
whic 

Map 
diffe 
entir 
begi 
right 
requ 
metl 


This  itbm  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film6  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqud  ci-dessous 

10X                            14X                             18X                             22X 

26X 

30X 

— r 

12X 

16X 

20X 

24X 

28X 

32X 

f 


ire 

details 
les  du 
modifier 

ler  une 
filmage 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

University  of  Toronto  Library 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


L'exemplaire  film6  fut  reproduit  grfice  d  ia 
g6n6rosit6  de: 

University  of  Toronto  Library 


Les  images  suivantes  ont  6t6  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettet6  de  l'exemplaire  filmd,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  i:npres- 
sion,  or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  ccpies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


§es 


Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimde  sont  filmis  en  commengant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  film6s  en  commenpant  par  la 
premidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  ^^- (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparattra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  — »>  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbols  V  signifie  "FIN". 


e 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  mby  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
filmds  d  des  taux  de  reduction  diffdrents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  cliche,  il  est  film6  d  partir 
de  Tangle  sup6rieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  ndcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mdthode. 


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THEIR    ALLIES 


WITH 


Synoptical  Descriptions  of  the  American 
Pteridophyta  North  of  Mexico 


BY 


LUCIEN    M.   UNDERWOOD,  Ph.D. 

Professor  of  Biology  in  Syracuse  University 


THIRD    EDITION,    REVISED 


NEW   YORK 

HENRY  HOLT   AND   COMPANY 

i888 


4 


Copyright,  1888, 

BY 

HENRY  HOLT  &  CO. 


DRCMMOND  &  NEU; 

Electrutypcvs, 
New  York. 


X'  *"*■■, 


PREFACE. 


The  first  edition  of  tliis  manual  was  published  in  1881  and 
the  second  in  1882 ;  the  continued  call  for  copies  of  the  work  is 
tlie  only  apoloj^y  for  a  new  edition.  During  the  past  six  years 
the  interest  in  ferns  has  largely  increased,  and  has  resulted  not 
only  in  a  wider  and  more  thorough  study  of  known  forms,  but 
in  the  less  explored  portion  of  our  territory  new  species  are  con- 
tinually being  brought  to  light.  Of  the  true  ferns  (forming  the 
order  Ftlufs)  140  species  were  described  in  the  first  edition  and 
145  in  the  second;  in  the  present  edition  156  species  are  re- 
corded, while  three  species  recognized  in  former  editions  have 
been  reduced  to  varieties. 

The  Fern  Allies  are  liere  augmented  by  the  addition  of  a 
genus  new  to  this  country  {Salvim'a),  and  five  species,  two  of 
which  are  here  described  for  tlie  first  time;  a  reduction  of  three 
S[)ecies  lias  resulted  from  a  more  extended  study  of  large  suites 
of  specimens,  so  that  68  species  are  here  recorded. 

While  the  general  plan  as  developed  in  the  former  editions 
has  not  been  greatly  modified,  the  details  of  the  entire  work  have 
been  thoroughly  revised  in  order  that  it  may  be  in  harmony 
with  the  present  aspect  of  structural  and  systematic  study  which 
every  year  is  adding  to  the  sum  of  our  knowledge. 

Tlie  v/ork  is  intended  as  an  introduction  to  the  study  of  ferns 
and  a  manual  for  the  easy  determination  of  our  species  ;  as  such 
it  has  aimed  to  be  suggestive  in  methods  of  study;  to  this  end 
the  student  is  referred  to  the  necessary  literature,  classified  ac- 
cording to  subjects,  at  the  close  of  Ccich  chapter.  It  is  hoped 
that  the  introduction  of  eight  pages  of  references  to  the  intro- 
ductory literature  of  plants  lower  than  the  pteridophytes  may 
prove  valuable  to  students  who,  like  the  writer,  have  been 
obliged  to  grope  in  the  dark  with  no  kindly  suggestion  as  to 
what  works  were  valuable  for  beginners. 

(V) 


I 


I 


VI 


PREFACE. 


Acknowledgments  are  here  rendered  to  those  who  have  aided 
in  the  preparation  of  this  edition.  Especially  we  would  men- 
tion Dr.  Sereno  Watson,  of  the  Botanic  Gardens  at  Cambridge 
for  access  to  numerous  specimens  ;  Professor  Daniel  C.  Eaton, 
of  Yale,  for  elucidating  the  synonymy  of  Aspidiuin  patulum  ; 
and  most  of  all,  Mr.  George  E.  Davenport  for  very  many  kindly 
suggestions,  specimens,  and  courtesies  extending  through  a 
series  of  years. 

Syracuse  Univf.rsity, 
Feb.  i8,  iS88. 


I 


Inti 

AliB 

Ch/ 


Inl 


I 


■'k 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


PAGB 

Introduction,       •     •  '^ 

AiiBUEViATiuNs xii 

Chai'TF.r    I.     Haunts  and  Habits  of  Fvrns,   . i 

U.     The  Organs  of  the  Growing  Fern 8 

HI.     Fructification  in  Ferns lO 

IV.     Germination  of  Fern  Spores, 19 

V.     Fern  Structure 24 

VI.     The  Fern  Allies 28 

VII.     Classification  and  Nomenclature 41 

VIII.     The  Fern's  Place  in  Nature 46 

IX.     Distribution  in  Time  and  Space, 60 

X.     Methods  of  Study, 6S 

OUR   NATIVE    PTERIDOPHYTA. 

Order     I.     Filicks 75 

II.      MARSlLIACEyi: 125 

III.  Salviniace^ 127 

IV.  Ophioglossack.'E 128 

V.     Equisetace/E 132 

VI.     Lycoi>odiace/E 135 

VII.     Selaginellace.^ 140 

VIII.     IsoetacE/E 142 

Index  and  Glossary, 149 

(vii) 


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INTRODUCTION. 


In  the  entire  vegetable  world  there  are  probably  no  forms  of 
growth  that  attract  more  general  notice  than  the  Ferns.  Deli- 
cate in  foliage,  they  are  sought  for  cultivation  in  conservatories 
and  Wardian  cases,  and  when  dried  and  pressed  add  to  the 
culture  of  many  a  domestic  circle  by  serving  as  household  deco- 
rations. They  furnish  to  botanists  a  broad  and  inviting  held 
for  investigation,  and  he  who  examines  theirmore  minutestruc- 
ture  with  the  microscope  will  fmd  deeper  and  still  more  myste- 
rious relations  than  those  revealed  to  the  unaided  eye.  Ferns 
thus  appeal  to  the  scientific  eletnent  of  man  s  nature  as  well  as 
to  the  aesthetic,  and  while  they  highly  gratify  the  taste,  they 
furnish  food  for  the  intellect  in  a  like  degree. 

The  Fern  allies  have  also  played  their  appointed  part  in  the 
domestic  and  decorative  economy  of  this  and  other  generations. 
The  scouring-rushes  served  our  ancestors  for  keeping  white  their 
floors  and  wooden  ware  in  the  days  when  carpets  were  a  luxury. 
The  trailing  stems  of  various  species  of  Lycopodmm  have  long 
been  valued  for  holiday  decorations  ;  while  their  burning  spores 
liave  flashed  in  triumphal  processions,  and  have  added  their 
glow  to  the  fervor  of  political  campaigns. 

In  olden  time  the  obscure  fructification  of  the  common  brake 
led  to  many  superstitious  ideas  among  the  common  people,  and 
the  older  poets  have  woven  these  popular  notions  into  our  litera- 
ture. Butler  tells  in  Hudibras  of  bugbears  so  often  created  by 
mankind  : 

"  That  spring  like  fern,  that  infant  weed, 
Equivocally  without  seed, 
And  have  no  possible  foundation 
But  merely  in  th'  imagination." 


INTRODVCTJOX. 


Shakespeare  only  reflects  a  prevalent  belief  of  his  time  whon 
he  says : 

"  We  have  the  receipt  of  fern  seed  ;   we  walk  inv'sible." 

Others  allude  to  the  falliiij,'  of  the  seed  on  the  anniver- 
sary night  of  the  birth  of  tlie  "loved  disciple."  The  old 
siniplers  with  their  lively  imagination  wore  impressed  by  the 
fancied  resemblances  of  some  parts  of  fern  growth  to  various 
organs  of  the  human  bod\',  and  iniroduc'cd  them  into  their 
system  of  specifics.  Traces  of  their  influence  still  remain  in 
the  names  of  some  of  our  common  ferns,  as  spleenvvcMt  and 
maidenhair. 

To  form  a  correct  understanding  of  ferns  we  must  study  the 
ferns  themselves  as  well  as  the  text-book,  as  it  is  only  by  direct 
contact  with  nature  that  we  gain  definite  and  satisfactory  informa- 
tion. The  text-bo(jk  is  useful  only  in  giving  directions  how  to 
investigate.  To  understand  thoroughly  an  animal  we  must  study 
its  habits  in  its  native  haunts.  To  know  its  structure  and  posi- 
tion in  the  animal  kingdom  we  must  carefully  dissect  a  large 
number  of  specimens,  and  study  the  development  of  the  individ- 
ual from  its  beginning.  In  like  manner,  to  understand  fully  a 
fern  we  must  searcli  where  nature  has  planted  it,  watch  it  as  it  un- 
coils from  the  bud,  matures,  produces  its  fruit,  and  finally  returns 
to  the  earth  ;  examine  it  with  needles  and  lenses,  and  discover 
its  minute  structure  and  its  life-history.  These  pages,  which 
aim  to  give  an  outline  of  the  forms  of  fern  growth,  the  methods 
of  fruiting,  the  germination  or  growth  from  the  spore,  and 
finally  the  more  minute  structure  of  the  entire  plant,  can  only 
be  thoroughly  understood  by  taking  the  ferns  in  hand  and 
studying  th'„'m  in  connection  with  the  text.  For  the  first  three 
chapters  and  the  determination  of  species  a  strong  pocket  lens 
and  a  few  needles  mounted  in  handles  for  dissection  will  furnish 
the  necessary  outfit  Chapters  IV.  and  V.  will  require  a  com- 
pound microscope  with  its  appliances  for  successful  investiga- 
tion. Those  unused  to  such  an  instrument  will  need  special 
directions  in  regard  to  the  care  of  microscope  and  the  methods 
of  using  it.  Such  directions  will  be  found  in  the  laboratory 
guides  recommended  in  Chapter  X.  The  following  will  also  be 
useful  and  suggestive : 


St 


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sh 
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on 

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St 


INTRODUCTION. 


XI 


Stokf.s  (A.  C).    Microscopy  for  Bcjjfinncrs.    i2mo.    New  York, 

i8«7.    (lliirpcr  &  Ikotlu-rs.) 
Bausch  (lid ward).      Manipulation  of  tiio  Microscope.      121110. 

Rochester,  N.  Y.,  1885.     (Bausch  &  Lomb  Optical  Co.) 


A  collection  of  the  native  ferns  of  the  country  is  intercstinj; 
and  attractive.  Good  specimens  should  include  roots  so  as  to 
show  as  much  as  possible  of  the  method  of  growth.  They 
should  be  mounted  on  standard  herbarium  paper  sixteen  and 
one  half  by  eleven  and  oiu;  half  inclies. 

Let  no  one  imagine  that  the  study  of  ferns  will  be  an  easy 
one.  Patient  application  and  caref  d  observation  are  essential 
to  success,  yet  he  who  becomes  once  interested  in  the  work 
will  find  a  subject  that  deepens  in  interest  with  every  step,  and 
even  I)ecomes  enchanting  as  he  seeks  to  determine  the  mysteri- 
ous processes  of  fern  development  and  the  marvels  of  fern 
structure. 


ABBREVIATIONS. 


Adans  M,  Adanson. 

Air. W,  Alton, 

Angs J.  Angstrcem, 

Eeai'v P.  de  Beau vaib 

Bern II J.  J.  Bernhardi. 

EiGEi J.  P'gelow. 

Bralk.  . .  .W.  D.  Brackenridge. 

A.  Bi<  ,..A.  Braun. 

R.  Bu R.  Brown. 

Bong  Bongard. 

Bkong A.  Brongniart. 

Cav A.  J.  Cavanilles. 

Chapm   ...  .A.  W.  Chapman. 

Dav G.  E.  Dave"i  ^rt. 

DC A.  P.  DeCandolle. 

Desk R.  L.  Desfontaines. 

Desv N.  A.  Desvaux. 

EiiRii F.  Rhi liart. 

Endl S.  L.  Endliclier 

Engelm  G.  Engelinann. 

H.  &  A  Hooker  and  Arnott. 

H.  &  G  Hooker  and  Greville. 

HBK.. Humboldt,  Bonplandand  Kunth. 

Hitch E.  Hiiclicock. 

HoFF.M G.F.Hoffman. 

Hook  W.  J.  Hooker. 

Huus W.  Hudson. 

HuMn Baron  von  Humboldt 

Juss A.  L.  Jussieu 

Kaulk G.  F.  Kaulfuss. 

Koch W.  D.  Koch. 

Klhi Kuhleweln. 

L C.  von  Linne  [Llnnteus]. 

Lam J.  B.  de  Lamarck. 

J.'Ukr C.  L.  L'Heritler. 

Liei;m F.  Liebmanu. 


Li.NDL J.  Lindley. 

Linn,  f C.  Linnaeus  (son). 

Mart.  &  Gale.. .Martens  and  Galeotti. 

Mett G.  Mettenlus. 

MiCHx-     A.  Michaux. 

Ml  HI G.  H.  E.  Muhlenberg. 

Neck  N.  J.  Necker. 

Nut  T.  Nuttall. 

Pi.iM C.  Plumier. 

Reichenp. H.  G.  L.  Reichenbach. 

Rich C.  L.  M.  Ricliard. 

ScHi.Eicii Schleicher. 

SciiKEE J.  C.  D.  Schreber. 

Sm J.  E.  Smith. 

J.  Sm     J.  Smith. 

Si'RENG  K.  Sprengel. 

Swz O.  Swartz. 

TiUNB C.  P.  Thunbcrg. 

ToKR J.  Torrcy. 

TrcKEi;.-!   E.  Tuckerman. 

Unij L.  ^L  tJnderwood. 

Vaii.i S.  Vaillant. 

Vent E.  P.  Ventenat. 

Wall N.  Wallich. 

W   i.i.R     F.  W.  Wallroih. 

Walt T.  Walter. 

Wii.i.u  K.  L,  Willdenow. 


Gr Greek. 

Lat Latin. 

cm centimetre. 

irm millimetre. 

var variety. 

° ■ feet. 

' inches. 

" lines. 


(xii) 


OUR  NATIVE  FERNS  AND  THEIR  ALLIES. 


CHAPTER   I. 
HAUNTS   AND   HABITS   OF    FERNS. 

Our  outward  life  requires  them  not, — 
Then  wherefore  liacl  they  birth  ? 

To  minister  delight  to  man, 
To  beautify  the  earth. 

—Mary  Hovvitt. 


1 .  General  Characters.— Our  native  ferns  comprise  plants 
varying  in  lieight  from  less  than  an  inch  to  six  or  seven  feet,  or 
even  more.  Some  are  stout  and  fleshy,  others  are  delicate  and 
even  filmy,  but  most  are  lierbaceous,  resembling  ordinary 
flowering  plants  in  the  texture  of  their  foliage.  While  most 
would  be  recognized  as  ferns  by  even  a  novice,  a  few  differ  so 
widely  from  the  ordinary  typical  forms  that  to  an  unskilled  ob- 
server they  would  scarcely  be  considered  as  bearing  any  resem- 
blance to  ferns  whatever.  The  froids  of  one  of  our  Florida 
species  resemble  narrow  blades  of  grass,  and  the  fertile  spikes 
of  another  from  New  Jersey  might  be  mistaken  for  a  diminutive 
species  of  sedge.  A  third  from  Alabama  woald,  perhaps,  be 
called  a  moss  by  the  inexperienced,  while  the  "  Hartford  fern," 
found  from  New  England  to  Kentucky,  has  a  climbing  stem  and 
broad  palmate  leaves. 

When  we  add  to  these  peculiar  forms  of  our  own  country 
those  of  foreign  lands,  and  include  the  immense  tree-ferns  of 
tropical  regions,  we  find  our  early  conception  of  a  fern  inade- 
quate to  cover  this  diversity  of  forms.  Without  attempting  an 
accurate  definition  of  a  fern,  let  it  be  regarded  for  present  pur- 


OUR  NATIVE  FERNS  AND    THEIR  ALLIES. 


poses  as  a  flowerless  plant,  producing  spores  instead  of  seeds, 
possessing  more  or  less  woody  tissue,  and  having  its  leaves 
coiled  in  the  bud  from  apex  to  base.  After  the  necessary  study 
of  the  structure  of  some  of  our  common  ferns,  we  will  be  able 
to  comprehend  the  more  technical  definition  found  later  in  the 
work. 

2.  Mode  of  Growth. — Ferns  vary  greatly  in  their  method 
of  growth,  yet  each  species  has  a  plan  which,  within  certain 
limits,  is  fixed  and  definite.  Some,  like  the  common  brake, 
have  their  fronds  rising  from  more  or  less  distant  portions  of 
the  creeping  rootstock.  Others,  like  Aspleuiuni  tricliomanes, 
are  tufted,  many  fronds  rising  irregularly  in  a  cluster;  while  still 
others,  like  the  ostrich-fern  {Onocled)  and  many  of  the  shield- 
ferns  {Aspidiuni),  grow  in  crowns  or  circles,  the  later  fronds 
continually  rising  within  the  older  ones.  In  the  grape-ferns 
{Botrychium)  the  rootstocks  usually  produce  a  single  frond  each 
season,  the  bud  for  the  succeeding  year  growing  within  the  base 
of  the  common  stalk. 

3.  In  many  there  is  a  tendency  to  dimorphism,  the  fertile 
or  fruit-bearing  fronds  differing  to  a  greater  or  less  extent  from 
the  sterile  ones.  In  a  few  species,  like  the  sensitive-fern  and 
the  ostrich-fern  {Onocled).,  this  is  carried  so  far  that  the  sterile 
and  fertile  fronds  bear  no  resemblance  to  each  other,  and  in  one 
instance  have  been  mistaken  for  different  species,  and  so  de- 
scribed. Osmiinda  cinnamomea,  Woodzvardia  angiisiifolia,  Pel- 
Icea  gracilis,  Cryptogramvie,  and  Lomaria  o^qv  further  examples 
of  this  principle  of  growth. 

4.  Variation. — The  same  species  will  often  present  wide 
differences  in  the  size  of  the  fronds.  This  depends  to  some  ex- 
tent on  the  character  of  the  soil  and  the  ordinary  climatic  con- 
ditions. For  example,  the  lady-fern  {Asplcniuvi  filix-fccnntia), 
which  in  ordinary  locations  grows  from  two  to  four  feet  high, 
in  mountainous  regions  is  sometimes  reduced  to  from  three  to 
six  inches,  when  it  forms  the  var.  exile.  In  like  manner  the 
marginal  shield-fern  {Aspidium  viargznale).  u^u?iWy  iwo  ov  turee. 
feet  high,  is  reduced  to  five  inches  when  growing  on  rocky  clitTs, 
and  yet  regularly  produces  fruit.* 


*  Cf.  Bulletin  Torrey  Botanical  Club,  vi.  266  (Oct.  1878). 


HAUNTS  AND  HABITS  OF  FERNS.  3 

5.  Iti  some  cases  there  is  a  tendency  to  variation  in  size 
that  cannot  be  referred  to  soil  or  climatic  influences.  The  com- 
mon grape-fern  {Bohychiuin  Virginianuiii)  will  be  found  in 
some  localities  to  vary  from  six  inches  to  two  feet  in  heiglit,  all 
well  fruited  and  matured,  and  with  the  extreme  sizes  growing 
within  a  pace  of  each  other  in  the  same  soil  and  with  tl.e  same 
environment.  The  other  species  of  the  same  genus  present 
similar  variations,  and  judging  from  size  and  external  appear- 
ance alone,  a  regular  gradation  of  forms  might  be  arranged  from 
the  most  diminutive  undivided  forms  of  B.  simplex  to  the  larg- 
est of  B.  Virginianum. 

6.  Another  tendency  to  variation  is  noticed  in  the  forking 
of  fronds  either  at  the  summit  or  at  the  ends  of  the  branches. 
The  hart's-tongue  {S.ohpendriiiin)  is  frequently  forked  at  the 
summit,  the  walking-leaf  {Caviptosorus)  less  commonly,  while 
the  same  tendency  is  noticed  in  various  compound  forms,  as 
Aspleniiun  angiistifoliitm,  Chcilanthes  vestita,  Gynmogramme 
Ehrenbergiana,  Dicksonia,  Pelhea  atropurpurca,  and  others. 
Some  of  the  species  of  Botrychiuui  show  the  same  tendency, 
especially  in  their  fertile  segments.  It  is  probable  that  all  our 
species  will  be  found  to  fork  under  certain  conditions.  More 
definite  information  is  desirable  with  regard  to  many  species 
that  show  this  tendency,  as  it  doubtless  involves  the  question 
of  ancestry  of  existing  ferns. 

7.  In  those  species  whose  sterile  and  fertile  fronds  are  un- 
like, forms  often  appear  that  are  intermediate  between  the  ster- 
ile and  fertile  fronds,  and  sometimes  even  form  a  graded  series 
from  one  to  the  other.  This  is  especially  true  of  the  sensitive- 
fern  {Onoclca)  and  the  cinnamon-fern  {Osmunda  cinnamomea), 
and  has  frequently  been  the  source  of  so-called  "varieties." 
Whether  this  variation  arises  from  some  peculiarity  of  environ- 
ment, or  from  some  inherent  tendency  to  reversion  toward  an 
older  form,  will  require  more  extended  observation  to  deter- 
mine. One  of  the  varieties  of  Boirychiiim  terftatuvi  seems  to 
have  been  founded  on  a  condition  which  is  intermediate  in 
structure  between  the  sterile  and  fertile  segments. 

8.  In  a  few  forms  there  is  an  apparent  mimicry,  one  species 
imitating  another  in  foliage  or  method  of  fruiting.  In  the  cin- 
namon-fern just  alluded   to,  which   has    a    cinnamon-colored 


OUR  NATIVE  FERNS  AND    THEIR  ALLIES. 


sterile  frond  totally  unlike  the  fertile,  sterile  fronds  will  some- 
times be  found  which  are  fertile  at  the  apex — the  normal  method 
of  fruiting  in  the  royal  flowering-fern  {Osmunda  rrgaiis) ;  and  in 
turn  the  royal  flowering-fern  is  sometimes  fertile  in  the  middle, 
in  imitation  of  Osmunda  C/ayton/ana. 

9.  Time  of  Fruiting. — The  time  of  maturing  fruit  is  dif- 
ferent among  different  species,  and  also  varies  with  geographi- 
cal location  and  proximity  to  tropical  climates.  In  the  Northern 
States  some  species  produce  their  fruit  as  early  as  May  {Osmunda 
cinna}no7nea),  and  others  as  late  as  September  {Lygod/um), 
but  the  greater  number  are  1  st  studied  in  July  and  August. 
In  the  Northeastern  States,  where  the  two  species  of  Cystoptcris 
abound  on  limestone  rocks,  C.  fragilis  matures  its  spores  and 
withers  in  June  or  July,  while  C.  bulbifcra  reaches  its  maturity 
only  ill  August  or  September.  In  semi-tropical  cl 'mates,  like 
Southern  California  and  the  Gulf  States,  the  time  of  fruiting  is 
often  earlier,  sometimes  occurring  in  February  or  March.  Some 
fronds  are  killed  by  the  early  frosts,  while  others,  like  the  Christ- 
mas-fern, are  evergreen,  and  may  be  gathered  in  midwinter. 

10.  Local  Distribution. — Ferns  are  largely  dependent  for 
successful  growth  on  the  amount  of  warmth,  moisture,  and 
shade  to  which  they  are  subjected,  and  we  would  naturally  ex- 
pect to  find  them  reaching  a  maximum  in  size  and  abundance  in 
warm  swamps  or  shady  marshes.  While  this  is  in  general  true, 
we  nevertheless  find  many  species  thriving  only  in  rocky  places, 
thrusting  their  roots  into  the  crevices  of  the  rocks  with  little 
earth  for  their  nourishment,  and  many  times  exposed  to  the 
scorching  rays  of  the  sun.  Of  necessity,  such  species  are  of 
comparatively  small  size,  and  likely  to  be  protected  in  some 
way  against  the  heat  of  the  sun,  and  provided  with  means  to 
retain  their  moisture  in  times  of  drought.  Others  still  are 
found  in  wet,  rocky  ravines,  often  where  moistened  by  the  spray 
of  cascades  or  waterfalls,  and  couLoquently  have  no  such  pro- 
vision against  the  heat  of  an  extended  summer.  Certain  others 
thrive  in  open  fields  that  are  comparatively  dry  and  unshaded. 
One  species  of  Southern  Florida  is  aquatic,  having  the  sterile 
fronds  floating  in  shallow  water,  A  few  species  are  epipliytic, 
or  grow  on  other  plants,  some  being  found  on  tree-trunks  to 
the  height  of  1 50  or  200  feet ! 


HAUNTS  AND  HABITS  OF  FERNS. 


5 


like 


So,  while  moisture,  warmth,  and  shade  in  abundance  are  the 
climatic  conditions  essential  to  promote  luxuriant  fern  growth, 
it  can  and  does  continue  when  any  or  all  these  conditions  are 
reduced  to  a  minimum. 

1  1 .  Ferns  may  then  be  sought  in  any  of  the  following  situa- 
tions, and  it  will  be  seen  that  each  situation  has  its  charac- 
teristic species : 

A.  Wet  swamps  or  marshes  with  or  without  abundant  shade. 

B.  Rich  woods,  more  or  less  moist. 

C.  Uncultivated  open  places  and  dry  hillsides. 

D.  Moist,  rocky  ravines  or  rocky  places  not  subject  to  sum- 
mer drought. 

E.  Exposed  rocky  cliffs. 

F.  Standing  water. 

G.  Growing  on  other  plants,     (Epiphytic.) 

1  2.  In  the  first  location  mentioned  above,  we  may  find  the 
chain-ferns  (  Woodwardia),  many  of  the  spleenworts  {Aspleniiwi), 
a  few  of  the  shield-ferns  {Aspidiuiii),  the  flowering-ferns  {Osmiin- 
da),  as  well  as  the  genera  Acrostic/inin,  Onoclca,  etc.  These  in- 
clude some  of  our  largest  and  coarsest  ferns.  A  few  more  deli- 
cate in  structure  are  also  found  here,  notably  the  dainty  Phegop- 
teris  dry  opt  (iris. 

13.  In  the  second  we  find  a  few  spleenworts,  most  of  the 
shield-ferns,  the  beech-ferns  {Phcgopteris),  most  of  the  grape- 
ferns  {Botrychiiwi),  the  maidenhair  {Adtantuin),  the  Dicksonia, 
and  some  others.  In  this  situation  we  find  the  finest  develop- 
ment of  foliage  and  the  greatest  artistic  finish  among  all  the  ferns. 

1  4.  In  uncultivated  places  and  on  rocky  hillsides  we  often 
find  the  common  bracken  or  brake  {Ptcris  aquilind),  and  the 
lady-fern  {Aspleniuin  filix-famind),  though  these  are  by  no 
means  confined  to  these  locations,  the  latter  growing  quite  fre- 
quently in  moist  woods,  and  even  in  cold,  wet  swamps.  Many 
other  ferns  are  found  occasionally  in  openings  of  the  forest  or 
recent  clearings,  where  they  maintain  a  sickly  existence,  some- 
times for  a  series  of  years.  In  such  locations  ferns  often  be- 
come contracted  and  abnormal  in  growth,  and  take  on  a  faded 
yellow  hue  from  their  exposure  to  the  open  sunshine. 

1  5.  In  moist  ravines  and  on  rocky  banks  the  bladder-ferns 
{Cystopieris)    may   be    found,   with   the   peculiar  walking-leaf 


OUR  NATIVE  FERNS  AND    THEIR  ALLIES 


{Caiiiptosorus),  the  rare  hart's-tongue  {Scolopendriiun)^  and 
many  of  the  smaller  spleenworts.  The  long,  pencent  fronds 
of  Cystoptcris  bnlbifeya  add  greatly  to  tlu;  beauty  ol  our 
natural  ravines,  and  often  serve  to  conceal  the  uncouth 
rocks,  or  at  least  draw  the  attention  to  that  which  is  more  deli- 
cate and  artistic.  On  dripping  rocks,  or  where  the  sides  of 
ravines  are  kept  continually  moist  by  the  spray  of  waterfalls, 
such  deliceite  pellucid  ferns  as  the  filmy-fern  {Trichonumes)  and 
Pc'lhca  gruci/i's  may  be  sought.  There  seems  to  be  a  direct 
connection  between  the  environment  and  the  texture  of  the 
fern.  The  last  two  mentioned  grow  in  very  diinp  situations, 
and  '^'•e  pellucid  and  almost  membranous.  Cystoptcris  in  some- 
what diier  situations  is  thinly  herbaceous,  while  Asplenmin 
jy/c/wmancs  and  Caniptosorus,  requiring  less  moisture,  are  more 
firm,  and  form  the  transition  to  the  next  group. 

16.  On  dry  cliffs  we  may  look  for  the  various  species  of 
IVoodsi'a,  the  cloak-ferns  {Notholcenci),  the  lip-ferns  {Cheilaiithes), 
and  tlie  cliff-brakes  {Pcllcca).  Many  of  these  are  firm  and  even 
leathery  in  texture,  and  others  are  thickly  covered  on  one  or 
both  sides  with  tangled  hair  or  scales,  fitting  them  to  survive 
long  periods  of  drought. 

1  7.  Only  one  of  our  native  species  is  strictly  aquatic,  the 
anovci^Xows,  Ceratopteris  thalictroidcs  found  in  Southern  Florida, 
though  Acrostichum  aureiim  is  often  found  with  its  rhizoma 
rising  from  the  water  of  salt  marshes.  Osinunda  rcgalis  is  oc- 
casionally found  in  standing  water  several  inches  deep,  though 
this  is  not  usual. 

1  8.  Among  the  epiphytic  ferns  are  several  species  of  Poly- 
podiiim,  especially  P.  incatniin,  P.  Scoitleri,  and  P.  aureu/n,  the 
last  always  being  associated  with  the  cabbage-palmetto  {Sabal 
palmetto).  Vittxria,  Tcenitis,  and  Nephr')Iepts  are  also  of  this 
class,  and  are  frequently  pendent  from  the  same  plant,  though 
occasionally  found  on  other  tree-trunks.  Ophioglosswn  pal- 
inatiim,  another  peculiar  tropical  fern-ally,  belongs  to  the  same 


*  This  rare  fern  seems  to  show  a  decided  preference  for  limestone  rocks, 
and  thus  far  has  been  found  only  above  the  geological  formation  known  as 
the  Corniferous  limestone.  I  believe  a  thorough  search  for  this  fern  along 
the  outcrops  of  the  formation  in  Central  New  ',^ork  and  elsewjiere  would  show 
a  wider  distribution  than  is  at  present  attributecj  to  this  species. 


r 


III),*  and 
lit  fronds 
of    our 

uncouth 
lore  deli- 

sides  of 
waterfalls, 
a/u's)  and 

a  direct 
e  of  the 
luations, 
in  sonie- 
Ispleniuin 
are  more 

pecies  of 
ilanthes), 
and  even 
1  one  or 
survive 

aatic,  the 
I  F'lorida, 
rhizonia 
lis  is  oc- 
),  though 

of  Poly- 
eum,  the 
o  {Sabai 
3  of  this 
;,  though 
iuvi  pal- 
:he  same 

one  rocks, 

known  as 

Fern  along 

•ould  show 


■'■* 


'M 


HAUNTS  AND  HABITS  OF  FERNS.  7 

list.  Even  in  the  streets  of  our  Southern  cities,  Polypodiwn  in- 
canum  is  commonly  seen  growing  with  various  mosses  well  up 
on  the  trunks  of  shade-trees.  It  is  only  in  tropical  regions, 
however,  that  epiphytes  are  seen  in  profusion. 

1  9.  These  principles  of  climatic  distribution  are  necessarily 
modified  by  the  geographic  range  of  species,  which  must  be 
considered  in  this  connection.  For  example,  Aspidlum  spmtt- 
losum  or  its  varieties  form  the  leading  foliage  ferns  of  Northern 
New  England  and  New  York,  while  Dkksonia,  less  common  in 
those  localities,  largely  replaces  them  from  Connecticut  south- 
ward. This  subject  will  be  more  fully  discussed  in  a  later 
chapter. 

LITERATURE. 

Most  of  the  American  literature  bearing  on  this  subject  is  in 
the  form  of  short  notes  which  have  appeared  from  time  to  time 
in  our  two  botanical  monthlies  ;*  a  classified  summary  appears 
below : 

\\xm'i'&.— Botanical  Gazette,  I,  2;  11,  100;  111,82;  iv,  140, 177, 
232 ;  V,  27,  30,  43,  48 ;  VI,  161,  295  ;  vil,  86. 

Dimorphism.— rfrr^j^w/^'//;/,  VIII,  loi,  109;  ix,6;  xiii,62. 

Forking  Fronds. — Botanical  Gazette,  i,  50;  11,80;  111,39; 
VI,  220;  VIII.  242. — Torrey  Bulletin,  vii,  26,  85;  IX,  116,  129; 
X,  4. 

Relative  Abundance  : — 

Davenport  (George  E.).  A  Bit  of  Fern  History.  In 
Botanical  Gazette,  vii,  60-64  (May,  1882). 

Cultivation  : — 

Robinson  (John). — Ferns  in  Their  Homes  and  Ours.  i2mo, 
illustrated.  Salem,  1878.  A  valuable  outline  of  fern  cultiva- 
tion, indispensable  to  those  desiring  to  undertake  the  cultivation 
of  ferns  either  in  conservatories  or  Wardian  cases. 

Smith  (John).  Ferns,  British  and  Foreign.  Svo.  Lon- 
don, 1879. 

*  Students  of  ferns,  like  other  botanists,  ought  to  have  these  valuable 
journals  at  hand  as  a  means  of  keeping  abreast  of  the  wonderful  botanical 
activity  now  manifest  in  America.  The  Botanical  Gazette,  now  (1888)  com- 
mencing its  thirteenth  volume,  is  published  at  Crawfordsville,  Indiana  ($2.00 
per  annum).  The  Bulletin  of  the  Torrey  Botanical  Club.,  now  commencing 
its  fifteenth  volume,  is  published  at  Columbia  College,  New  York  City  ($1.00 
per  annum). 


8 


OUR  NATIVE  FERNS  AND    THEIR  ALLIES. 


CHAPTER  II. 


THE  ORGANS  OF  THE  GROWING    FERN. 

Pour  bien  savoir  une  chose,  il  faut  en  savoir  les  details, 

— La  K(x:hefoucauld. 

20.  Every  one  familiar  with  the  forest  and  its  jiroducts 
must  have  seen  the  young  ferns  unrolling  from  the  bud  in  spring 
and  early  sumiiK  »".  It  will  be  noticed  that  the  fronds  are  coiled 
from  the  apex  to  the  base,  and  form  crosiers,  so  called  from  their 
resemblance  to  the  head  of  a  bishoi)'s  staff.  This  method  of 
vernation  is  called  circi'naie,  and  is  rarely  found  except  among 
ferns.  In  the  grape-ferns  and  adder-tongues  the  vernation  is 
straight  or  merely  inclined,  thus  approximating  that  of  ordinary 
flowering  plants. 

21.  Rootstock. — Ferns  usually  spring  from  an  under- 
ground stem  called  the  rootstock.  This  may  be  simple  or 
branched,  smooth  or  scaly,  horizontal,  oblique,  or  even  vertical. 
In  some  ferns  it  is  fine  and  hairlike,  while  in  others  it  is  very 
large  and  stout.  In  some  cases  the  rootstock  creeps  at  the  sur- 
face of  the  ground  and  even  rises  above  it,  as  in  the  variety  of 
Aspidium  conterminiun  which  grows  in  Florida.  In  the  tree 
ferns  of  warmer  climates  it  often  forms  a  trunk  fifty  feet  high, 
bearing  the  fronds  at  the  summit,  when  it  takes  the  name  of 
caudex. 

2.2..  Frond. — The  aerial  portion  consists  essentially  of  a 
leaf-stalk  and  blade;  the  former  is  technically  called  the  ^//)i<^, 
and  the  latter  the  frond.  Though  these  are  usually  distinct 
from  ieach  other  in  appearance,  the  stipe  is  sometimes  wanting, 
and  in  others  no  distinction  can  be  made  between  them.  Both 
stipe  and  frond,  or  either  one,  may  be  glabrous  (smooth),  pubes- 
cent (softly  hairy),  hairy,  woolly,  or  scaly ;  when  the  scales  are 
small  and  somewhat  appressed,  the  surface  is  said  to  be  squa- 
mous. The  careful  discrimination  of  these  hairy  or  scaly 
appendages  becomes  a  matter  of  importance  in  distinguishing 
many  of  the  species  of  Gheilanthes.     In  a  few  of  our  native  ferns 


-1 


'ES. 


THE   ORGANS  OF   THE   GROWING  FERN. 


^N. 


CAULD. 

products 
I  in  spring 
arc  coiled 
:roni  their 
lethod  of 
pt  among 
■nation  is 

ordinary 

n  under- 
iinple   or 

vertical. 
It  is  very 
t  the  SLir- 
/aricty  of 

the  tree 
3ct  high, 

name  of 

lily  of  a 
:he  stipe, 
distinct 
wanting, 
1.  Both 
),  pubes- 
:ales  are 
DC  squa- 
ar  scaly 
jiiishing 
ive  ferns 


the  under  surface  is  covered  with  a  white  or  yellow  powder 
bearing  some  resemblance  to  flour  or  corn  starch.  For  this 
reason  a  surface  of  this  character  is  caWcA  fari/uicroiis.  Such  is 
the  California  gold-fern  or  "  goU'-  n  back"  {Gymnogramme  trian- 
<; If /ar/s),  and  several  of  the  cloak- ferns  {A^oi/iokena),  a.m\  such 
are  the  various  gold  and  silver  ferns  of  conservatories,  including 
some  of  the  richest  and  most  beautiful  in  the  world. 

23.  The  frond  may  be  simple,  when  it  consists  of  a  single 
undivided  leaf,  as  in  Sio/opefuirtmn  or  Cainptosorus ;  ox  compound, 
when  it  is  divided  into  segments.  The  exquisite  delicacy  and 
the  extent  to  which  this  dividing  is  carried  in  some  ferns  deter- 
mines largely  their  aesthetic  value. 

The  continuation  of  the  stipe  through  a  simple  frond  is  called 
thet  „. I (h>e in  :  through  a  compound  frond  is  called  the  rac/iis, 
and  is  further  distinguished  t^s  primary  when  the  frond  is  much 
compounded.  A  frond  is  entire  when  the  margin  forms  an 
unbroken  line;  when  so  cut  as  to  form  lobes  extending  half 
way  or  more  to  the  midvein  it  is  called  pinnatifid ;  when  these 
incisions  extend  fully  to  the  midvein  the  frond  is  said  to  be 
simply  pinnate,  and  the  divisions  are  called  pinner.  When  the 
pinnae  are  cut  into  lobes  the  frond  is  bipinnatifid  and  the  lobes 
are  called  segments,  and  when  these  extend  to  the  secondary 
midveins  it  is  bipinnate  and  the  divisions  are  called  pinnules. 
The  secondary  midvein  then  becomes  a  secondary  rachis.  In 
like  manner  we  may  have  ferns  that  are  tripinnatifid  and  tripin- 
nate,  qiiadripinnatifid  and  quadripinnate.  The  last  iDbes  are 
designated  ultimate  segments,  and  the  last  complete  divisions 
tiltimate  pinnules.  All  these  various  form„  from  entire  to  quad- 
ripinnate are  abundantly  represented  among  our  native  ferns. 

24.  In  some  pinnate  fronds,  as  in  the  oak-fern  {Phegopteris 
dryopteris),  the  lower  pair  of  pinnae  is  greatly  enlarged  and 
more  compound  than  those  above,  so  that  the  stipe  appears  to 
form  three  branches  bearing  similar  and  nearly  equal  portions. 
Fronds  of  this  character  are  usually  triangular  or  pentagonal  in 
outline,  and  this  method  of  branching  is  called  tcrnate.  It  will 
be  readily  seen  that  this  is  merely  a  modified  form  of  the  ordi- 
nary pinnate  frond.  Throughout  the  domain  of  nature  there  is 
intlnite  variety  of  form  and  structure,  and  at  the  same  time  unity 
in  plan  and  conformity  to  a  few  generalized  types. 


"^ 


10        OUR  NATIVE  FERNS  AND    THEIR  ALLIES. 

25.  Venation. — The  method  of  veinnig  admits  of  great 
variation,  often  serving  to  distinguisli  species,  and  more  especi- 
ally the  sections  of  tlie  various  genera.  In  some  .erns,  like  most 
shield-ferns  {Aspii{iitm),\.\\c  veins  iwc/ree — that  is,  arising  from 
either  side  of  the  midvein  they  do  not  unite  with  any  other  vein. 
In  some  of  these  the  vein  is  simple  (not  branched),  in  others 
variously  forked.  In  many  the  veins  repeatedly  anastomose 
or  unite  together,  forming  a  series  of  network  or  areohc.  This 
may  be  somewhat  irregular,  as  in  Onoclca ;  or  forming  a  single 
row  of  areolae  next  to  the  midvein  and  thence  free  to  the  margin, 
as  in  IVoodwardia  Virginica  ;  or  forming  many  uniform  areolaj 
by  the  parallel  transverse  veinlets  connecting  the  distinct  and 
parallel  primary  veins,  as  in  PolyJ^odiiim  phyllitidis.  In  case 
the  venation  does  not  appear  when  examined  by  reflected  light, 
it  may  be  brought  out  clearly  by  holding  the  frond  betwoen  the 
observer  and  the  light,  and  then  using  a  lens  if  necessary.  A 
few  fleshy  species  require  dissection  to  show  the  veins. 


t       ! 


CHAPTER   III. 
FRUCTIFICATION   IN   FERNS. 

"  But  on  St.  John's  mysterious  night, 
Sacred  to  many  a  wizard  spell, 
The  hour  when  first  to  human  sight 
Confest,  the  mystic  fern-seed  fell." 

26.    Spores  and   Sporangia.  —  In    the   flowering   plants 

(Spermaphyta)  there  is  a 
manifest  sexual  reprc^uction, 
the  ovules  in  the  female  organs 
(pistils)  being  fertilized  by  the 
pollen  produced  by  the  stamens, 
„  T-  ,        .        •       t.       I       thus  giving  rise  to  the  embryo 

Fig.  1.— Enlarged  section   through  a  °         '^  ■' 

sorusof  P(7/)//(w7w;«/rt/6Y»/'«w  KeiiogK,   of  the  new  plant.     The  Ferns, 

showing  the  stalked  sporangia.  ^, 

on  the  contrary,  produce  no 
flowers.  Instead  of  seeds  developed  from  fertilized  ovules, 
minute  spores  are  produced  ascxually,  from  which  new  ferns  are 
developed  by  a  peculiar  process  of  germination  very  unlike  that 


^* 


lES. 


FRUCTIFICATION  IX   FERNS. 


II 


s  of  great 
ore  cspeci- 
5,  like  most 
ising  from 
oilier  vein. 
,  ill  others 
nastomose 
'o/ce.  This 
ng  a  single 
he  margin, 
inn  areola; 
istinct  and 
In  case 
icted  light, 
etwoen  the 
essary.     A 

IS. 


ing  plants 
lere  is  a 
)ro 'Auction, 
nale  organs 
zed  by  the 
le  stamens, 
:he  embryo 
riie  Ferns, 
roducc  no 
;ed  ovules, 
w  ferns  are 
unlike  that 


of  flowering  plants.  These  spores  are  collected  in  little  sacs 
known  as  upora/^i^'-m  or  spore  cases.  The  s[)oraiigia  in  the  true 
ferns  (PoLYP()iJiACl!;.K)  are  ccjllected  in  little  clusters  on  tin; 
back  of  the  frond,  or  are  variously  arranged  in  lines  along  the 
veins  or  around  the  margins  (I'*ig.  i ),  These  clusters  of  spo 
rangia  are  called  sor/,  and  may  be  naked,  as  in  Polypoiiium,  or 
provided  with  a  special  covering  known  as  the  indusium^  as  in 
Aspiilinin  (Fig.  8).  The  various  forms  of  the 
sori  and  iiulusia  serve  as  the  basis  for  classifica- 
tion into  genera  and  tribes,  while  each  sub-order 
has  its  peculiar  form  of  sporangia. 

27.  In  the  Polyi'odiacivE  the  sporangia 
are  more  or  less  completely  surrounded  with  a 
jointed  vertical  ring  or  anmilus,  and  at  maturity 
burst  open  transversely  by  the  straightening  of 
the  annulus  and  discharge  their  copious  spores 
(Fig.  2).  The  clusters  of  sporangia  are  said  to 
be  marginal,  intramarginal,  or  dorsal,  according 
as  they  have  their  position  at  the  margin  or 
more  or  less  remote  f.om  it.  They  may  be  .Fiu.z.— Sporan- 
roundish,  oblong,  or  linear  in  shape,  or  arranged  ^'hnn  TuJireAZ 
hi  variously  forking  lines,  or  m.iy  even  be  spread  spores!"*^ M^Lchen'^ 
in  a  stratum  over  the  entire  under  surface  of  the   ''"'f''*^^. 

frond.  They  are  called  indusiate  or  non-indusiate  according  as 
they  are  covered  or  naked  ;  and  the  indusia  may  be  inferior  (at- 
tached below  the  sorus),  as  in  IVoodsta  (Fig.  9),  or  superior,  as 
in  Aspuiium  (Fig.  8),  or  of  various  intermediate  methods  of  at- 
tachment. 

28.  In  the  other  sub- 
orders of  FiLlCES  the  spo- 
rangia are  variously  ar- 
ranged. In  the  HvMENO- 
PHYLTACE.^  or  filmy  ferns 
the  flattened  sporangia  are 
sessile  along  a  filiform  recep-  ^'^- 3-  Fig.  4. 
tacle.    and     are    surrounded          of'^;?/.^/;-^:^;,^^^^^^^^ 

with  a  complete  transverse  .//':iiJr;i'^r;f;rthe^'"pfS";ii:r 
annnlus.     At    maturity  they  Much  enlarged.  "^  ''■ 

open  vertically  (Fig.  3).     In    the  Schiz/eace/e   the  sporangia 


12 


OUfi  NATIVE   FEKXS  AND    THEIK   ALLIES. 


are  ovate,  surrounderl  at  tlic  a|)('x  by  a  roiuplete  anniiliis.  and 
open  bv  a  lonj^itudinal  slit  (I'ij,'.  4).  In  llic  Osmindac  KyiC  or 
flowering  ferns  the  sporangia  are  larger,  globose,  and  naked,  with 
the  mere  trace  of  a  transverse  annulus,  and  open  iongitndinally. 
The  various  methods  of  fructification  can  Ih;  best  understood 
by  describing  the  peculiarities  of  tlie  various  genera  in  regular 
succession  and  noting  the  variations  occurring  in  the  sections 
or  sub-genera.  By  this  means  we  will  arrive  at  a  better  under- 
standing of  the  principles  of  fern  classification  as  discussed  in  a 
future  chapter.  As  the  subject  of  venation  is  closely  connected 
with  that  of  fructification,  it  will  be  treated  in  the  same  connec- 
tion. 

29.  Acrostichum.  — In  this  genus  the  sporangia  are  spread 
in  a  stratum  over  the  under  surface  of  the  upper  piiuue  in  our 
solitary  species,  but  in  some  exotics  they  cover  portions  of  the 
upper  surface  as  well.     There  is  no  indusium. 

30.  Polypodlum  (Fig.  i). — This  genus  contains  the  larg- 
est number  of  exi.sting  ferns,  and  though  ail  the  species  agree 
in  the  roundish  naked  sori,  the  venation  is  widely  difi'erent  in 
the  various  sections,  which  are  chiefly  formed  on  tlie  character 
of  the  veins.  Four  of  the  five  sections  are  represented  in  our 
nine  species. 

In  §  EUPOLVPODIUM  the  veins  are  free,  yet  are  occasionally 
known  to  unite,*  thus  indicating  a  tendency  to  vary  toward  the 
next  section.  The  sori  are  generally  found  at  the  end  of  a  free 
veinlet. 

In  §  GoNiOPHLEHiUM  thevelns  unite  near  the  margin,  form- 
ing large  areolae,  each  containing  a  single  free  veinlet  which 
bears  the  sorus  at  its  end.  A  tendency  to  variation  is  seen  in 
P.  incanum,  in  which  the  veins  are  free,  as  vvell  as  in  P.  Califor- 
nictim  in  which  they  are  often  partly  free. 

In  §  Phlebodium  the  veins  form  ample  areolae  in  a  row 
next  the  midvein,  and  frequently  in  one  or  more  secondary  rows, 
each  bearing  a  single  sorus  at  the  junction  of  two  or  more  vein- 
lets.  A  large  number,  however,  bear  the  sori  at  the  end  of  a 
single  veinlet.  From  the  fertile  areolae  to  the  margin  the  veins 
anastomose  more  copiously. 

*  Catalogue  of  the  Davenport  Herbarium,  p.  8. 


f 


\  I.  LIES. 

annuliis.  and 
kllNDAlK/I'".  or 
11(1  naked,  vvitli 
l()ii;;itiidinally. 
est  understood 
K'rn  ill  regular 
11  the  sections 
a  better  uiider- 
;  discussed  in  a 
)sely  connected 
li  same  connec- 

iigia  are  spread 
r  pinna;  in  our 
portions  of  the 

itains  the  larf;- 
le  speci(!S  agree 
ely  dilTerent  in 
)n  tlic  character 
resented  in  our 

^re  occasionally 
vary  toward  the 
he  end  of  a  free 

le  margin,  forni- 
;e  veinlet  which 
iation  is  seen  in 
as  in  P.  Califor- 

ireolae  in  a  row 
secondary  rows, 

vo  or  more  vein- 
at  the  end  of  a 

iiargin  the  veins 


p.  8. 


FRUCril'ICA  TION  IN  FERNS. 


J3 


In  ^  Campylonkukon  the  areohu.  each  usually  bearing  two 
sori,  are  found  between  the  parallel  primary  veins  which  extend 
from  the  midrib  to  the  margin. 

3  1.  Gymnogramme.-  In  this  genus  the  sori  follow  the 
course  of  the  veins,  and  conseciuently  vary  with  the  venation, 
being  simple,  forked,  pinnated,  or  anastomose  with  each  other. 
The  sori  are  non-indusiate. 

32.  NolholfBnu.-  In  the  cloak-ferns  the  sori  are  marginal, 
and  provid(;d  with  ncj  indusia.  This  genus  '  •,  linked  very  closely 
to  Gyiunoj^raiiuiit'  on  one  hand  and  to  some  species  of  Chei- 
lantlu'S  on  the  other.  From  the  latter  it  is  sepanible  only  by  the 
absence  of  the  marginal  indusium;  the  two  are  likely  to  be  con- 
foundi:d  by  beginners. 

33.  Taenitis  has  simple  froiuls,  and  the  fructification  in  a 
C(jntinuous  sub-maiginal  line  near  the  apex  ai  the  frond. 

34.  Vittaria. — This  peculiar  genusoccupies  a  somewhat  in- 
termediate [)osiiion  between  the  indusiale  aiul  non-indusiate 
genera,  and  while  usually  associated  with  the  latter  has  consid- 
erable claim  to  be  ranked  with  the  former.  The  fronds  are  nar- 
row and  grass  like,  bearing  the  sporangia  in  an  intramarg'nal 
groove,  often  more  (m-  less  covered  by  the  inrcjlled  edge  of  the 
frond.     The  venation  is  very  obscure. 

35.  Adiantum  (I'ig.  5). — The  maidenhairs  have  a  peculiarly 
smooth  foliage,  and  usually  possess  no 
midvein.  The  veins  are  usually  flabellate, 
and  after  forking  one  or  more  times  bear 
the  sori  at  their  extremities.  The  margin 
of  the  frond  is  reflexed,  thus  forming  an 
indusium  which  bears  the  sporangia  on  its 
under  surface.  Fic.  5.— A  sc^^ment  of 

„„       ^.        .       ,T-.         -,         T  ,  •  Aiiiiintuiu,    sliowiiif,'    tlie 

36.  PteriS    (big.    6).— In     this    genus,   sori    covered    by    indusia 

Which   includes    the   common    brake,  the  '"S .Kroi;:]" ^^rS 
otherwise  free  veins  are  united  by  a  fill-  i'*-' i^i;'"ut  i>"d  l-'ccmsne. 
form  receptacle  which  bears  the  sporangia.     This  continuous 
marginal  line  of  fructification  is  covered  by  a  membranous  in- 
dusium formed  of  the  margin  of  the  frond. 

37.  Cheilanthes. — The  lip-ferns  found  within  our  limits 
are  unequally  divided  among  four  sections,  all  agreeing  in  bear- 


I 


j 


14        OUR  NATIVE  FERNS  AND    THEIR  ALLIES. 

ing  the  sori  at  or  near  the  ends  of  the  veins,  covered  by   an  in- 
dusium  formed  of  the  margin  of  the  frond. 

In  §  Adiantopsis  the  indusia 
are  distinct,  and  confined  to  a 
single  veinlet.  One  of  our  species 
varies  from  the  typical  species  of 
this  section,  and  has  even  been 
assigned  to  a  separate  genus. 
In  ij  EUCHKM.ANTHKS  the  indu- 


e.—i'ieiis  ion,:ijoUa  L.    En-  sia  are  more  or  less  confluent  but 


vein-like  "receptacid  under  the  nuirgi- not  Continuous,  usually  extending 


larfjed  segment  ol  pinna,  showing  the 
vein-like  rece 

nai  inciusiuin.  over  the  apices  of  several  veinlets. 

In  §  Physapteris  the  ultimate  segments  are  bead- like,  and 
the  indusium  is  continuous  all  round  the  margin. 

§  ALEURrroPTRRiS  has  the  fronds  farinose  below,  and  in- 
cludes a  single  species  somewhat  doubtfully  assigned  to  our 
limits. 

38.  Cryptogramme  has  dimorphous  fronds,  the  margins 
of  the  fertile  being  closely  rolled  toward  the  midvein,  thus  cov- 
ering the  confluent  sori.  At  maturity  these  open  flat  in  order 
to  discharge  the  spores. 

39.  PeMaea  has  representatives  of  three  sections  within 
our  limits,  all  agreeing  in  possessing  intramarginal  sori,  which 
finally  became  confluent  and  form  a  marginal  lineco\ered  by 
an  indusium  formed  of  the  margin  of  the  frond. 

§  Cheil()PLECT()N  includes  herbaceous  species  with  visible 
veins  and  broad  indusia. 

§  Allosorus  includes  coriaceous  species  having  wide 
indusia,  while  §  Platyloma  includes  species  similar  in  texture, 
but  with  extremely  narrow  indusia  and  l)road  scgirients. 

40.  Ceratopteris  is  an  anomalous  genus  from  southern 
Florida,  having  a  few  sori  arranged  on  two  or  three  veins  par- 
allel to  the  midvein,  and  covered  by  the  broadly  reflexed  margin 
of  the  frond. 

41.  Lomaria  (Fig.  7)  stands  intermediate  between  those 
genera,  in  whicli  there  is  an  indusium  formed  of  the  revolute 
margin  of  the  frond  and  those  in  whicli  the  indusium  is  remote 
from  the  margin.  Our  single  species  has  dimorphous  fronds, 
free  veins,  and  the  fructification  in  a  broad  band  next  the  mid- 


jv! 


ES. 


FRUCTIFICATION  I  A'  FEKNS. 


15 


by   an  in- 


le  indusia 

\i 

ned    to   a 

x. 

»ur  species 

1 

species  of 
jvcn  been 

-^ 

^C'llUS. 

,_ 

s  the  indu- 

ifluent  but 

4 

extendint^ 

d  vein lets. 

]lil<e,  and 
,v,  and   in- 

1 

cd  to  our 

e  margins 

i 

.thus  cov- 

it  in  order 

*i 

)ns  within 

■f 

3ori,  which 

:o\  ered  by 

ith  visible 

^ing    wide 

in  texture, 

Its. 

1  southern 

veins  par- 
ted margin 

veen  those 

^ 

le  revolute 

1  is  remote 

)us  fronds, 

t  the  mid- 

vein,  covered  by  acontinuous  and  distinctly  intramarginal  indu- 
sium.     This  genus  closely  resembles  the 
next  in  general  habit,  and  is  sometimes 
united  with  it. 

42.  Blechnum.— In  this  genus  the 
sori  are  linear  and  near  the  midvein,  and 
are  covered  by  a  membranous  indusium 
which  is  fixed  at  its  outer  margin,  burst- 
ing at  its  inner  margin  when  the  spo- 
rangia are  mature.     A  single  representa-        „  ,         •     j.-     ^ 

=>                                                     j->            I-  1^10.7. — Lontarta  sptcant 

tive  is  found  within  our  limits.  Desv.    Enlarged    section    of 

„,  .        the  contracted  fertile    pinna, 

43.  Woodwardia. —  1  hrec  species  showing  intramarginal  indu- 

of  chain-ferns  occur  within  our  limits,  ^'"'"' 
and  each  represents  a  distinct  section  based  on  the  methods 
of  venation.  All  have  oblong  or  linear  sori  more  or  less 
sunken  in  the  frond,  covered  by  special  lid-like  indusia  burst- 
ing at  their  inner  margins,  and  arranged  in  chainlike  rows  near 
the  midvein,  thus  giving  the  popular  name  to  the  genus. 

§  EuwoODWARDiA  has  uniform  fronds  and  veins  forming  at 
least  one  series  of  areolae  between  the  sori  and  the  margin. 

§  Anchistea  has  also  uniform  fronds,  but  with  free  veins 
from  the  sori  to  the  margin  while  {J  Lorinseria  has  dimor- 
phous fronds,  and  the  veins  everywhere  uniting  to  form  areolae, 
as  in  the  sensitive-fern  {Onocica  scnsi/nl/s). 

44.  Asplenium. — The  numerous  species  of  spleenworts 
are  closely  related  to  each  other  in  their  methods  of  fructifica- 
tion, but  differ  widely  in  the  form,  texture,  and  cutting  of  their 
fronds.  The  sori  are  phiced  on  the  upper  side  of  an  oblique 
vein  (sometimes  crossing  it  in  5>  Athyrium),  and  covered  by  an 
indusium  of  the  same  shape  attached  by  its  edge  to  the  fruiting 
vein  and  opening  toward  the  midvein.  In  some  species  part 
of  the  indusia  are  double.  The  veins  are  free  in  all  our  species. 
In  §  EUASPLENIUM  the  sori  are  straight  or  slightly  curved  ;  in 
§  Ai'HYRiUM  they  are  often  curved,  even  horseshoe  shaped  ; 
and  frequently  cross  to  the  outer  side  of  the  fruiting  vein. 

45.  Scolopendrium  bears  the  linear  sori  in  pairs,  one 
from  the  upper  side  of  a  veinlet  and  its  mate  from  the  lower 
side  of  the  next.  The  indusia  are  attached  by  their  erlgcs  to 
the  veins,  and  folding  toward  each  other  appear  like  a  double 


r 


i';j 


!|| 


1 6        OUR  NATIVE  FERNS  AND    THEIR  ALLIES. 

indusiiim  covering  a  single  sorus.  The  veins  extend  nearly  at 
right  angles  to  the  midvein,  are  free,  and  usually  forked. 

46.  Camptosorus. — The  walking-leaf  has  oblong  or  linear 
iiidusiate  sori,  which  are  irregularly  scattered  and  borne  partly 
on  veins  parallel  to  the  midvein,  and  partly  on  those  that  are 
oblique.  Those  near  the  midvein  are  single,  those  toward  the 
margin  are  often  approximate  in  pairs  and  often  form  crooked 
lines.     The  veins  are  everywhere  copiously  reticulated. 

47.  Phegopteris. — In  this  genus  the  sori  are  round  and 
naked  as  in  Polypodium,  with  which  this  genus  is  sometimes 
united.  The  sporangia  spring  from  the  back  of  the  veins  in- 
stead of  the  apex,  as  in  the  latter  genus,  and  the  veins  are  free 
except  in  the  §  Goniopteris,  in  which  they  nre  more  or  less 
united. 

48.  Aspidium  is  largely  represented  in  our  limits  by  two 
well-marked  sections,  which  are  sometimes  regarded  as  distinct 

genera,  and  two  others  with  characters  scarcely 
less  distinct,  containing  each  a  single  species. 
In  all  the  sori  are  roundish,  and  borne  on  the 
back  of  the  veins  or  rarely  at  their  apex.  In 
§  Nephrodium  the  indusium  is  cordato-reni- 
form  or  orbicular  with  a  narrow  sinus.  This  at 
first  covers  the  sorus  and  is  attached  by  its  mar. 
gin,  but  later  bursts  away  at  the  margin  but  re- 
mains attached  at  the  sinus.  In  some  species 
in  this  section  the  indusium  becomes  shrivelled 
^  ,^        before  the  fruit  matures,  and  in  this  condition 

Fig.    8.  —Under       ...  .        ,  ,  .     ,      . 

side  of  a  ferule  st'ff- might  be  mistaken  for  a  ncn-indusiate  species 

ment  of  Asjiiih'uin  /r''        q\ 
//V/.r  -  »ias,        with  U  ',~^-  o;- 

rndusium!'  M'apni^  ^"  ^  PoLVSTiCHUM  the  indusium  is  orbicular 
fied.  (After  Saciis.)  and  peltate,  being  fixed  by  the  centre  ;  the  veins 
are  free,  as  in  ^  Nephrodium. 

In  iJ  Cyrtomium  the  indusium  is  the  same  as  in  ^  Polys- 
TICHUM,  but  the  veins  tend  to  unite  near  the  margin,  while  in 
§  EuASPiDiUM  the  veins  anastomose  copiously. 

49.  Nephrolepis  has  roundish  sori  borne  at  the  apex  of 
the  upper  branch  of  a  free  vein,  near  the  margin  of  the  frond. 
The  indusia  are  usually  reniform,  fixed  by  the  sinus  or  base,  and 
open  toward  the  margins  of  the  pinnai. 

50.  Cystopteris.— The  bladder-ferns   take   their   popular 


\lli^. 


FRUCTIFICATION  FV  FFA'A'S. 


'7 


(1  nearly  at 
rked. 

ng  or  linear 
orne  partlj' 
sc  that  arc 
toward  the 
rm  crooked 
ed. 

round  pnd 

sometimes 

le  veins  in- 

ins  are  free 

nore  or  less 

mits  by  two 
d  as  distinct 
:ers  scarcely 
gle  species, 
orne  on  the 
ir  apex.  In 
:ordato-rcni- 
js.  This  at 
i  by  its  mar. 
rgin  but  re- 
ome  species 
2S  shrivelled 
is  condition 
iiate  species 

I  is  orbicular 
re  ;  the  veins 

in  §  PoLVS- 
G[in,  while  in 

the  apex  of 

f  the  frond. 

or  base,  and 

icir   popular 


name  from  the  delicate,  hood-like  indusium  which  is  attached 
by  its  broad  base  on  the  inner  side  of  the  roundish  sorus  and 
partly  under  it.  Later  this  is  thrown  back  and  withers  away. 
The  veins  are  free,  and  the  fronds  have  the  aspect  of  species  of 
Aspidmm,  but  are  usually  more  delicate  in  texture. 

51.  Onoclea. — This  genus  contains  two  quite  dissimilar 
species,  which  until  recently  have  been  separated  into  two 
genera  by  American  botanists.  Both  have  dimorphous  fronds, 
the  margin  of  the  contracted  fertile  frond  being  strongly  revo- 
lute,  and  concealing  the  fruit.  0.  striithioptcris  has  necklace- 
shaped  pinnae,  crowded  confluent  sori,  and  free  and  simple 
veins.  O.  sensibilis  has  panicled  berry-shaped  pinnules  and  co- 
piously anastomosing  veins. 

52.  Woodsia  (Fig.  9)  has  round- 
ish sori  borne  on  the  back  of  the 
veins,  with  the  indusia  attached  be- 
neatli  the  sporangia  and  flat  and  open, 
or  early  bursting  at  the  top  into  ir- 
regular laciniae  or  lobes.  In  §  Eu- 
wooDSlAthe  indusia  are  flat  and  open  Fig  g—iroodsia  ohtusa 
from  an  early  stage,  with  their  cleft  '^^^t^.^Z  ^ 
and  ciliate  margins  concealed  under  inferior  indusia. 
the  sori.  In  ^!  Hypopeltis  the  indusium  is  more  conspicuous 
and  encloses  the  sporangium  at  first,  but  soon  bursts  at  the  top, 
forming  several  jagged  lobes. 

53.  Dicksonia. — In  this  genus  the  small  globular  sorus  is 
borne  in  an  elevated,  globular  receptacle,  and  enclosed  in  an  in- 
ferior, membranous,  cup-shaped  indusium.  The  veins  are  al- 
ways free. 

54.  Trichomanes  (Fig.  10)  has 
sessile  sporangia  borne  on  a  filiform 
receptacle  at  the  summit  of  a  vein. 
The  indusia  are  tubrlar  or  funnel- 
shaped,  with  an  expanded  and  often 
somewhat  two-lipped  mouth. 

55.  Lygodium.— In  our  species 
of  climbing-fern  the  fructification   is      P"'f'-  ^o.~Trichowanes  radi- 

1  ..        .    J    /•      1       ,       .  ,         "^"-^   Swz.      Enlartred   section, 

borne  on  contracted,  forked  pinnules  showing  method  of  fructitica- 

occupying   the  upper  portion  of  the  "°"" 

frond.     The   ovoid   sporangia  an'   solitary  or   occasionally    in 


.;■ : 


it 

I 


lilli 


M 


:i^ 


i8 


OU/^   NATIVE   FF.AWS  AND    THEIR   ALLIES. 


pairs,  and  are  borne  in  the  axils  of  the  larj^e,  imbricated,  scale- 
like indusia  which  are  fixed  by  their  bases  to  short,  oblique 
veinlets. 

56.  Aneimia.— In  this  genus  the  two  lowest  branches  of 
the  frond  bear  [)anicles  of  fruit  at  the  end  of  very  long  stalks. 
The  ovate  sporangia  are  sessile  in  two  rows  along 
the  branchlets  of  the  panicle,  without  special 
covering  of  any  kind.  In  the  section  represented 
by  our  species  the  veins  are  free. 

57.  Schizsea. — In  this  genus  the  large  ovoid 
sporangia  are  sessile  in  double  rows  along  the 
single  vein  of  the  narrow  fertile  divisions.  In 
our  species  the  pairs  of  fertile  pinna;  form  a  dis- 
tichous spike  (Fig.  u). 

58.  Osmunda  has  the  large  globose  spo- 
rangia, short-stalked,  and  borne  on  the  con- 
tracted fertile  portions  of  the  frond.  In  the  cin- 
namon-fern (O.  cinnanwmea)  the  fertile  fronds 
are  entirely  distinct  from  the  sterile,  yet  mani- 
festing a  tendency  to  variation  in  the  var.  fron- 
dosa.  In  the  interrupted  flowering-fern  {0. 
Claytonuina)  the  fructification  is  confined  to  a 
few  of  the  middle  pinnae  of  the  frond.  In  the 
royal  flowering-fern  {p.  regalis)  the  fructifica- 
tion is  borne  at  the  apex  of  the  fronds. 

59.  Spores.- -The  spores  of  ferns  constitute 
the  fruit  proper.  A  spore  consists  of  two*  dis- 
tinct closed  sacs  and  the  cell  contents,  all  of 
which  differ  from  each  other  not  only  in  struc- 
ture, but  also  in    chemical    composition.     The 

p.,,.         o,.       outer  laver  (cxosporc)  consists  chiefly  of  cellu- 
/•^usiHa       I'ursii.  lose  ;  the  inner  layer  (citdosfioyi^  contains  some 

bniire  plant,   nat-  .  .,,;.,., 

urai  size.  albuimnous  matte."   m    addition,  while  the  cell 

contents  consist  chiefly  of  a  thin,  colorless,  jelly  like  substance 
known  as  protoplasm,  with  grains  of  chlorophyll   (the  green 

*  Campbell  has  recently  demonslrated  the  existence  of  a  third  (middle) 
layer,  which  is  not  readily  ai^parent  until  after  p:erniination.  C/.  Menioiis 
Boston  Soc.  Nat.  History,  iv,  \-]  cf  si'i^.  (April,  1S.S7). 


ai 
bu 
th 

al( 
its 
a 


ES. 


GERMINATION   OF  FERN   SPORES. 


19 


ted,  scale- 
t,  oblique 

anchcs  of 
ng  stalks, 
rows  along 
ut  special 
cpresentcd 

arge  ovoid 

along  the 

isions.      In 

brm  a  dis- 

obose  spo- 
,  the  con- 
In  the  cin- 
itile  fronds 
,  yet  mani- 
;  var.fron- 
ng-fern  {p. 
infined  to  a 
id.  In  the 
'I  fructifica- 
is. 

IS  constitute 
of  two*  dis- 
itents,  all  of 
ily  in  struc- 
iition.  The 
fly  of  cellu- 
ntains  some 
lile  the  cell 
xc  substance 
[   (the  green 

third  (niiddlf) 
.     Cf.  Memoirs 


coloring  matter  of  plants),  starch,  and  oil.  The  exospore  may 
1)6  smooth  or  roughened  by  points,  granules,  warts,  or  prickles. 
The  shape  varies  with  different  species,  yet  all  are  rounded,  and 
most  are  oblong  or  at  least  longer  than  broad.  All  are  micro- 
scopic, and  many  are  of  sucli  a  shape  that  they  do  not  appear 
uniform  owing  to  the  various  directions  from  which  we  view 
them. 

60.  The  number  of  spores  produced  by  a  single  fern  is  in- 
credible. Lindley  calculated  that  a  single  frond  of  Scolopen- 
driiim  produced  about  80  sori,  with  an  average  of  4500  sporan- 
gia in  each  sorus,  and  each  sporangium  containing  50  spores, 
making  a  total  of  18,000,000  spores.  The  copious  green  spores 
of  Osniimda  cinnainomea,  or  the  pale-yellow,  powdery  spores  of 
a  well-developed  specimen  of  Botrychhun  Virt^z'nuwwn,  must 
far  exceed  this  computation.  By  drying  either  of  these  species 
under  pressure  between  sheets  of  paper  great  quantities  of  the 
spores  may  be  obtained  for  examination.  Specimens  for  this 
purpose  should  be  selected  just  before  the  sporangia  reach 
their  maturity. 


CHAPTER  IV. 
GERMINATION   OF   FERN   SPORES. 

Alle  Glieder  bilden  sich  aus  nach  ew'j^fen  Gesetzen, 

Und  die  seltenste  Form  bevvahrt  im  Geheimniss  das  Urbild. 

-Goethe. 

61 .  The  germination  of  the  fern  spores  usually  takes  place 
a  considerable  time  after  they  are  discharged  from  the  sporangia, 
but  in  Osmiinda,  which  develops  its  fruit  early  in  the  season, 
they  commence  their  growth  only  a  few  days  after  dissemination. 

62.  Thalloid  Phase.— In  germination  the  exospore  splits 
along  the  side,  and  the  protruding  endospore,  sometimes  with 
its  divisions  already  formed  by  septa  or  partitions,  forms,  not 
a  fern,  but   a  thalloid  structure  resembling   one  of  the  lower 


Figs. 
scrru 
Stages  of  growth 


20        OUR  NATIVE  FERNS  AND    THEIR  ALLIES. 

liverworts  called  the  protliallium.  Different  ferns  vary  in  the 
method  of  forming  this  prothallium,  some  producing  it  im- 
mediately at  the  spore  and  others 
after  the  formation  of  a  thread- 
like growth  known  as  the  pro- 
embryo.  The  prothallium  is  en- 
/A  X-V>K /CXj7 V^~/0  tirely  composed  of  cellular  tissue, 

and  in  the  true  ferns  (POLYPO- 
Di  ACEi*:)  is  broadly  cordate  or  reni- 
form  in  shape,  and  bears  large 
numbers  of  root-hairs  from  the 
under  part  of  its  posterior  portion 
(Figs.  12.  13). 

The  prothallium  varies  in  size 

from   less   than   one   tenth   of   an 
s.  12,  13.— Prothallium  of /V?>-/j   .      ,  ^  ^\  •  a       c  •      1 

lata    Linn,  f.,  showing  two  mch  up  to  onc   third   of  an    mch 

in  its  widest  part.  On  the  under 
surface  of  the  prothallium  two  sorts  of  organs  are  produced 
analogous  to  the  stamens  and  pistils  of  the  Spermaphyta, 
respectively  known  as  anthcridia  and  archcgonia.  The  position 
of  these  organs  on  the  prothallium  varies  in  different  sub  orders. 
In  some  species,  notably  the  o.strich-fern,  the  two  kinds  of  sex- 
ual organs  are  produced  on  separate  prothallia,  so  that  the  plant 
becomes  dioecious  instead  of  monoecious.  Analogous  cases  are 
familiar  to  all  among  flowering  plants  like  the  willows,  poplars, 
and  box  elders  (dioecious),  and  begonias  and  melons  (monoe- 
cious). 

63.  Antheridia. — These  are  small  masses  of  tissue  developed 
in  the  same  manner  as  the  root-hairs,  consisting  of  a  single 
layer  of  cells  forming  the  wall,  and  containing  a  number  of 
spirally  coiled  threads,  usually  with  a  number  of  cilia  on  their 
anterior  coils.  At  maturity  the  antheridium  swells  by  the  ab- 
sorption of  water  and  finally  bursts  its  wall,  discharging  these 
coiled  filaments,  which  possess  the  power  of  locomotion,  and  for 
this  reason  are  called  anthcrozoids.  These  antherozoids  often 
drag  with  them  a  little  vesicle  which  seems  to  play  no  part  in 
the  process  of  reproduction  (Fig.  14). 

64.  Archegonia. — The  archegonium  (sometimes  called 
pistillidium)  is  also  a  rounded  mass  of  tissue  usually  less  prom- 


arc 
for 

OO; 

a  t 
pri 
urn 

zat 


^ary  in  the 
ing  it  im- 
md  others 
a  thread- 
i  the  pro- 
ium  is  en- 
alar  tissue, 

(POLYI'O- 

ate  or  reni- 

)ears   large 

from   the 

ior  portion 

ries  in  size 
inth  of  an 
of  an  inch 
I  the  under 
E  produced 

RMAPHYTA, 

"he  position 
sub  orders, 
inds  of  sex- 
at  the  plant 
us  cases  are 
)ws,  poplars, 
ons  (monoc- 
le developed 
of  a  single 
L  number  of 
ilia  on  their 
s  by  the  ab- 
arging  these 
ition,  and  for 
ozoids  often 
ly  no  part  in 

:imes    called 
ly  less  prom- 


GEKMIN AVION  OF  FERN  SPOKES. 


21 


incnt  than  the  antheridia,  consisting  of  an  external  layer  of 
cells  and  a  large  central  cell,  which  soon  divides  into  two.  The 
lower  portion,  at  first  the  larger,  develops  into  a  roundish  cell, 
which  is  analogous  to  the  ovule  of  flowering  plants,  and  is  called 
the  oosphere.  The  upper  portion  of  the  central  cell  develops 
between  those  composing  the  neck  of  the  archegonium  into  a 
canal  filled  with  a  sort  of  mucilage;  this  finally  swells  up,  forces 
the  cells  of  the  neck  apart,  and  is  expelled  to  aid  in  attracting 


F.G.  14.— Antheridium  of  Adianium  Fig.  15.— Youngr  archegonium  of  Pteris 
capillus-veneris  L.,  showing-  the  es-  serrulata  Linn,  f.,  showing  oosphere, 
raping  antherozoids.    (After  Sachs.)        neck,  and  canal-cell.    (After  Sachs.) 


and  retaining  the  antherozoids  at  the  neck  of  the  archegonium. 
The  oosphere  is  thus  left  exposed  (Fig.  15). 

65.  Fertilization. — The  antherozoids,  analogous  to  the 
pollen  of  flowers,  when  discharged  from  the  antheridium  swim 
in  the  moisture  always  present  on  the  under  surface  of  the 
prothallium,  swarm  in  large  numbers  around  the  neck  of  the 
archegonium,  and  are  retained  by  the  mucilage.  Some  finally 
force  their  way  into  the  canal  of  the  neck,  a  few  reaching  the 
oosphere  and  disappearing  within  its  substance.  There  is  thus 
a  true  sexual  generation  among  ferns,  and  the  formerly  appro- 
priate term  Cryptogaviia  (hidden  marriage)  loses  its  application 
under  the  untiring  scrutiny  of  the  microscopist.  After  fertili- 
zation  the  neck  of  the  archegonium  closes,  and  the  fertilized 


'ill 
1! 


i 

! 

, 

22        OC/A'  NATIVE  b'ER.\S  AXD    THEIR  ALLIES. 

oOsphcre,  now  called  the  oospore,  increases  in  size,  and  finally 

develops  into  a  true  fern. 

66.  Pteridoid  Phase. — After  the  o()- 
sphcre  has  been  feriilized  it  commences  its 
growth  by  the  ordinary  processes  of  cell 
multiplication,  and  for  a  time  remains  with, 
in  the  walls  of  the  archegonium,  which 
continue  to  grow,  until  hnally  the  interior 
growth  breaks  through  the  walls,  differen- 
tiated into  its  first  root  and  leaf.  The  young 
fern  draws  its  nourishment  from  the  pro- 
thallium  for  a  time,  but  soon  develops 
root-hairs,  which,  extending  into  the  soil, 
maintain  thereby  an  existence  independent 
of  the  prothallium.  The  latter  growth  hav- 
Fir.    ^6.  ~  Arfianttim  'np;  accomplished   its  work,   withers  away 

capWus-i'eHerL  .  Pro-  /pj  ,5)  jjjg  f,,.^^  p.,rts  of  the  rOOt,  Stc  n. 
thallium  and  young  fern    V      s         ^  i  •  > 

seen  from    below;  //,  muj  frond  are  very  small  and  comparatively 

prothallium;   /',  first  leaf;      .         ,      ,  ,  1  r  11 

/«,  root-hairs  of  prothai-  Simple  in  Structure,  but  those  formed  later 
second'^VJots/''^^ (After  'I'c  successively  larger,  and  not  only  bear 
^^'^^^-^  a  closer  resemblance  to  the  mature  form 

of  the  species,  but  also  develop  increased  complexity  of  struc- 
ture. "  The  fern  continues  to  gain  strength,  not  by  subsequent 
increase  of  size  of  the  embryonic  structures,  but  by  each  succes- 
sive part  attaining  a  more  considerable  size  and  development 
than  the  preceding  ones,  until  at  length  a  kind  of  stationary 
condition  is  arrived  at,  in  which  the  newly  formed  organs  are 
nearly  similar  to  the  preceding  on  s." 

67.  The  complete  life-history  of  a  fern  illustrates  a  principle 
common  among  the  lower  forms  of  animal  life  known  as  "  alter- 
nation of  generations."  Instead  of  the  direct  production  of  a 
mature  sexual  plant,  as  among  the  higher  forms  of  vegetation, 
there  is  the  production  of  a  sexual  growth  resembling  a  lower 
form  of  vegetation,  which  in  turn  is  followed  by  the  growth  of 
a  mature  plant  producing  its  fruit  without  the  assistance  of  sex- 
ual organs. 

68.  Recapitulation. — To  review  the  life-history  of  a  fern 
we  find  the  following  processes  : 


IKS. 


GERMINATION  OF  FERN  SPORES. 


23 


and  finally 

er  the  o()- 
mcnces  ils 
503  of  cell 
lains  with, 
iin,  which 
le  interior 
5,  dilferen- 
riieyounff 
n  the  pro- 
develops 
1  the  soil, 
dependent 
rowth  hav- 
hers  away 
root,  stc  n, 
iparatively 
rmed  later 
only  bear 
iture  form 
y  of  struc- 
Hibsequent 
ich  succes- 
velopment 
stationary 
organs  are 

a  principle 
1  as  "  alter- 
jction  of  a 
vegetation, 
ng  a  lower 

growth  of 
incc  of  sex- 

rv  of  a  fcM-n 


A.  Production  of  the  spores  asexually  by  the  mature  plant. 
(Fructification.) 

B.  Growth  of  the  prothallium  from  the  spore  with  or  with- 
out the  development  of  a  pro-embryo.     (Thalloid  Phase.)* 

C.  Production  of  sexual  organs,  archcgonia  (female)  and 
antheridia  (male),  on  the  under  surface  of  the  prothallium,  or 
on  separate  prothallia. 

D.  Fecundation  of  the  oosphere  developed  in  the  arche- 
gonium  by  the  antherozoids  developed  in  the  antheridium. 
(Fertilization.) 

E.  Growth  of  the  mature  fern  in  successive  stages  from 
the  oospore.     (Pteridoid  Phase.)* 

LITERATURE, t 

Bessev  (Charles  E).  Botan.y.  pp.  361-388.  New  York, 
1881.     (Henry  Holt  cS;  Co.) 

GoEHEL  (K.).  Outlines  of  Classification  and  Special  Mor- 
phology of  Plants,  pp.  189-298.  (English  Translation.)  Ox- 
ford, 1887.     (Macmillan  &  Co.) 

Caisipuell  (Douglas  H.).  Fern  Notes.  In  Torrey  Bulieii'n, 
X,  118.  119.     (Nov.  1883.) 

The  Development  of  the  Prothallia  in  Ferns.  In  Botan- 
ical Gazette,  X,  355-360,  with  Plate  IX.     (Oct.  1885.) 


*  The  terms  "Thalloid  Phase"  and  "  Pteridoid  Phase"  in  place  of  the 
older  terms  "  sexual  s^eneration"  and  "asexual  {generation"  were  first  sug- 
{^csted  in  the  first  edition  of  this  work  (18S1).  The  older  terms,  althouffh  in 
common  use  by  botanical  writers,  are  decidedly  unfortunate  and  misleading;. 
A  generation  is  properly  the  production  of  offspring;  resembling;  the  parent, 
or  the  offsprin}?  thus  produced,  which  the  prothallium  is  not  and  the  mature 
fern  is  not.  The  generation  proper  must  then  be  considered  as  including  the 
entire  life-history  of  a  fern,  of  which  the  prothallium  and  mature  fern  are  suc- 
cessive phases.  The  terms  "sexual  "  and  "asexual  "  as  used  in  this  connec- 
tion are  likewise  misleading,  as  they  might  apply  as  well  to  the  origin  as  to 
the  producing  power  of  the  so-called  "  generation."  The  prothallium  is  asex- 
ual in  origin,  but  develops  sexual  organs  ;  the  mature  fern,  on  the  other  hand, 
produces  no  sexual  organs,  but  is  itself  the  product  of  bisexuality.  The  same 
criticism  applies  with  equal  force  to  the  expression  "  alternation  of  genera- 
tions," used  alike  by  botanists  and  zoologists. 

t  As  elsewhere,  reference  is  made  mainly  to  American  literature.  The 
more  extensive  European  literature  is  already  well  catalogued  in  Goebel's 
Outlines,  so  is  not  repeated  here. 


i 


Wk 


i 


:  ^    I 


:; 


'I 


I  It 


■9 


1 

:• 

a 

m 

.  1 

i 

24        OCA'   NATIVE   FERNS  AND    Til  EI  K   ALLIES. 

Camimiki.i-  (Douijlas  11.)-  On  tli^*  Di'vclopnuMit  of  tlu' 
Anllu'ridiiiin  in  Ferns.  In  Torriy  liulUtin,  xiii,  4c^52,  with 
Plate  I. IV.     (Apr.  uS86.) 

The    Dovclopnu'nt   of   the    Ostrieli  fern.     In  Memoirs 

Boston  Society  of  Natural  History,  iv,   17  52,  with  Plates  IV 
VII.     (Apr.  1887).     This  intxlel  account   of   tiie  life-history  of 
Onotiea  strittliiopteris  ou,t;ht  to  incite  others  to  a  similar  study 
of  our  other  native  species. 


CIlAl'TKR    V. 
FKKN    STKUCTIIRE. 

He  it  ours  to  iiu'ditalo, 

Ami  to  llie  beautiful  oniir  of  tliy  works 
Learn  to  conform  tlie  ordir  of  our  lives. 

— Hkyant, 

69.  Tissues. — The  life-history  of  every  plant  coniniences 
in  a  sint^le  cell,  and  all  the  coniplications  of  vegetaWle  tjrowih 
depend  on  two  simple  processes,  viz.,  the  enhiroement  of  indi- 
vidual cells  to  their  full  size,  and  their  multiplication  by  divi- 
sion. The  lowest  forms  of  ve.ijctable  life  consist  of  a  single 
cell,  either  globular  or  elongate.  Those  of  a  somewhat  higher 
grade  consist  of  a  single  row  of  cells,  or  at  most  a  single  layer; 
while  still  higher  forms  of  growth  consist  of  masses  of  cells 
variously  grouped  together  and  specialized  by  dilTerentiation 
from  the  typical  form  and  character. 

70.  Cells  become  specialized  or  set  apart  to  fulfil  a  certain 
function  in  the  economy  of  plant  growth  in  many  ways.  Some 
are  lengthened  for  giving  strength  to  stems  or  leaves ;  some 
have  their  walls  thickened  to  give  rigidity  or  hardness  where 
protection  is  needed  from  injury  to  more  delicate  structures 
within  ;  and  some  are  variously  adapted  for  containing  atid  dis- 
tributing the  secretions  or  other  fluids  connected  with  the  cir- 
culatory system  of  plant  life.  Seven  distinct  varieties  of  tissues 
are  recognized  by  structural  botanists,  yet  some  of  these  are 
connected  with  each  other  by  various  gradations. 


^ 


/-AA'A'   STKL'CJUKK. 


25 


/  Mftno/rs 
Plates  IV 
history  of 
Hilar  study 


ANT. 

coinnienccs 
iWle  i^rowih 
;nt  of  indi- 
on  by  divi- 
of  a  single 
,vliat  higher 
iiiigle  layer; 
>ses  of  cells 
Tereiitiation 

nil  a  certain 
rays.  Some 
aves ;  some 
dncss  where 
e  structures 
ing  and  dis- 
vith  the  dr- 
ies of  tissues 
?>{  these  are 


71.    Tissue  Systems.— The  earliest  tendency  to  dilTeren- 
tiation  of  cells  is  seen  in  the  arrangement  of  the  outir  row  of 
lis  to  form  a  boundary  wall,     in  higher  forms  of  growth  the 


cei 


interior  cells 


iry 
tend  to  form  one  or  more  series  nl  string-like  rows 
surrounded  by  the  normal  cellular  tissue.  We  thus  reach  the 
basis  of  the  classification  of  vegetable  tissues  into  three  groups  : 
(a)  Ef)idcnnal  Systi'.n.  (b)  Fibyovascular  System.  (c)  Fun- 
datncntal  Sys/t'//i  (Fig.  17).  The  first  and  third  are  common 
to  both  ferns  and  mosses.  The  second  is  first  seen  in  the  ferns 
and  their  allies,  where  it  is  a  character  .so  coiustaiit  that  it  serves 
as  the  basis  for  separating  the  so-called  "  vascular"  cryptogams 
from  other  (lov/erless  plants.  These  three  forms  of  tissue  may 
be  seen  by  examining  a  thin  cross-section  of  the  stipe  of  a  living 
ft-rn  with  the  microscope.  Longitudinal  sections  will  show  still 
further  the  character  of  the  tissues  composing tlie  fibro-vascular 
bundle. 

72.  Roots. — Ro(jts  are  constantly  produced  as  the  root- 
stock  advances,  and  consist  for  the  most  part  of  little  fibrils 
which  are  naked  for  a  short  distance  from  the  apex  in  order 
tiiat  they  may  freely  absorb  moisture  from  the  earth.  The  epi- 
dermis is  also  thin,  and  usually  consists  of  a  single  layer  of  small 
cells.  It  dilTers  from  that  of  the  rest  of  the  plant  in  having  no 
stomata  {77).  As  the  apex  continues  to  grow,  the  epidermis  of 
the  part  behind  becomes  harder,  and  frequently  develops  hairs, 
or  iiio.e  frefjuently  irregular  scales. 

73.  Stipe. — The  stijjc  is  made  up  of  the  three  forms  of 
tissue  (Fig.  17),  and  usually  con- 
tains several  bundles  of  vascular 
tissue.  In  the  dried  stipe  these 
can  be  easily  seen,  by  scraping  off 
the  external  covering  of  the  stem. 
These  bundles  of  fibres  give  sta- 
bility to  the  fern,  and  are  con- 
tinued through  the  rachises  and 
veins,  thus   forming   the    frame-        ^  ^  .       ,     .       , 

'  Fk;.  17.— Cross-section  of  stipe  of 

work    for    the    softer    portions    of     0'-s-''"//<';-/.v/>-,ii,v7/>  Mernli.,  showing 

■       /.         J        T-i  ^-  two  bundles  of  tibro-vascular  tissue. 

the  frond.     1  he  stipes  are  some- 
times smooth    and    polished,   sometimes  hairy  or   beset    with 
stalked  glands,  and  sometimes  densely  clothed,  especially  near 
the  base,  with  chalTy  scales. 


4 


I'-i 


1 


26        OUR  NATIVE   FF.KXS  AA'/^    TIlElk'   ALLIES. 

74.  Frond.— In  llu-  1 1 VMK.Noi'UVLr-ALK/K  the  frond  con- 
sists of  a  sinjj[le  layer  of  cells.  This  condition  is  also  found  in 
the  leaves  developed  alon>,'  the  axis  of  growth  anionjj;  the 
mosses  to  which  this  sub-order  is  related  in  some  of  its  forms. 
In  all  otluT  ferns  there  are  scvend  layers  of  cells  variously 
compacted  together,  and  forming  all  the  varieties  of  te.xture 
— membranous,  herbaceous,  coriaceous  and  fleshy.  The  epi- 
dermis is  usually  easily  separable  from  the  underlying  tissue, 
when  its  peculiar  markings  can  be  studied. 

75.  From  the  epidermis  a  great  variety  of  a[)peiidages  are 
developed  which  are  all  UK/difications  of  hairs,  and  are  all  in- 
cluded unflcr  the  tern:  trichonus,  however  dilferent  in  appear- 
ance or  distinct  in  function.  These  are  not  confined  to  the 
frond,  but  dcvelofJ  here  their  greatest  variation.  They  arc  fre- 
quently found  on  the  roots,  the  rootstock,  and  the  stipe,  under 
the  form  of  root-hairs  or  scales  of  various  forms.  Scales  are 
especially  abundant  in  certain  forms  (A  Aspidiion,  as  well  as 
in  Scolopciuiriniii,  Chcilanilics,  and  other  genera. 

76.  Trichomes. — On  the  fronds  the  ti  ...onies  may  be  de- 
veloped as  simple  unarticulated  or  articidated  hairs,  consisting 
of  one  or  two  cells  at  most.  They  may  appear  as  stalked 
glands  like  thcjse  tiiat  arise  from  the  stipe  of  C/icila)ithcs 
CoopcKi-c  or  the  margin  of  the  indiisiiim  of  .ls/u'i//uiii  s/>/jtiilos!ini, 
var.  intcniicdiitin  ;  or  they  may  be  developed  into  scales  of  in- 
tricate cellular  structure  like  those  on  the  under  surface  of  cer- 
tain forms  of  ChcilantJics,  particularly  C.  Fcndlcri  \\w(\.  C.  Ch-t'c'- 
lamUi.  Among  the  FiLiCES  the  sporangia  are  specialized,  tri- 
chomes developed  -in  clusters  {sori)  along  the  veins,  (jr  spread 
over  'he  entire  surface  of  the  frond,  or  even  arranged  in  spikes 
or  panicles.  The  epidermis  also  develops  an  excrescence 
known  as  the  indusium,  which  consists  of  a  single  layer  of  cells, 
and  is  variously  arranged  as  indicated  in  Chapter  III.  In  some 
cases  a  false  indusium  is  pro\'i(led,  which  is  not  a  growth  from 
the  epidermis,  and  may  consist  of  several  layers  of  cells. 

77.  Stomata. — If  the  epidermis  covering  the  under  surface 
of  a  fern  be  examined  under  a  high  magnifying  power,  peculiar 
structures  will  be  seen  in  the  form  of  semi-elliptical  or  crescent- 
shaped  cells  connected  at  their  apices  and  separated  between. 
These  arc  the  sLomata  or  breathing  pores,  and  are  merely  open- 


A. 


FKh'AT  STNC/CTUh'I':. 


27 


)ll(l    coii- 

foiitul  ii) 

loiif^   the 

is  forms. 

Viiriously 

tcxturr 

ilic  cpi- 
ij^  tisMic, 

da!j;cs  .-ire 
ire  all  in- 
1  appcar- 
d  to  the 
y  arc  fre- 
pe,  uiulcr 
jcales  are 
s  well  as 

lay  be  de- 

:onsistinjif 
is  stalked 
'hciltxnthcs 
'>/iiiilosiiin, 
lies  of  iii- 
ce  of  cer- 

C.  an>e- 
;ilized,  tri- 
or spread 

ill  spikes 
ccrescence 
er  of  cells, 

In  some 
)\vth  from 
lis. 

ler  surface 
r,  peculiar 
rcrescent- 
1  between, 
rely  open- 


'\\\^^  to  the  air-chambers  of  the  plant.  The  two  elliptical  cells 
f.  »-m  the  mouth  of  the  passajje  and  expand  wiieii  moist,  allow- 
ing; the  atmospheric  j^mscs  and  watery  vapor  to  escape  or  enter 
but  close  the  entrance  hy  contraction  in  time  of  drought.  Tin; 
stoinata  are  not  conlined  to  liie  fronds,  but  are  found  to  a 
j^reater  or  less  extent  on  all  aei  ial  portions  of  ferns  and  liij^her 
plants,  as  well  as  on  subterranean  stems. 

78.  Asexual  Reproduction.— Besides  the  ordmary  meth- 
ods of  sexual  reproduction  discussed  in  Chai)ter  IV.,  most  ferns 
are  prop:iL;ated  by  j,n()Wtli  of  the  rootstock  under  {,'round,  i,Mvinj; 
rise  to  a  succession  of  frt)n(ls  each  season.  In  addition  to  this, 
which  is  common  to  all  perennial  plants,  there  arc  sf)mc  meth- 
ods of  reproduction  that  deserve  attention.     The  first  is  by 

79.  Buds  and  Bulblets. — In  a  few  species  of  conservatory 
ferns  adventitious  buds  are  produced  on  the  surfaces  of  the 
fionds.  These  .soon  dcviloi)  into  youni;  ferns,  and  it  is  not  un- 
common to  sec  a  larji;e  number  in  vari- 
ous stages  of  growth  rising  from  a  sin- 
gle frond.  This  peculiarity  is  common 
among  several  species  of  Asplnihim, 
especially  A.  furcatitni  Thunb.,  aiul 
will  be  sometimes  found  to  occur  among 
some  of  our  native  species.  Bulblets  are 
found  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  pinnae  of 
Cystoptcrts  bulbifcra,  which  often  fall  to 
the  ground  anfi  develop  into  new  plants 
after  a  manner  analogous  tf)  the  devel- 
opment of  the  axillary  buds  of  the  tiger- 
lily. 

SO.  Another  method  is  seen  in  the 
walking-leaf  (CV^w/Aww^y  7-JiizophyUits), 
in  which  the  long,  attenuated,  simple 
fronds  bend  over  and  take  root  in  the 
adjoining  soil  in  a  manner  quite  analo-      P"'f'  ■i'i.—Cawf>tosorusrhi- 

',  ^.  t  ,  .  zof'hylius       Linli.,    reduced, 

gous  to  the  propagation  of  strawberries   showing   peculiar  method  of 
by  runners  (Fig.  i8).   The  same  method    P^"P'''sation. 
of    rooting  at    the  apex  has  also  been  noticed    in  Asplotitim 
pi)inai2fidum,  A.  ehrncum,  and  PJuxopteris  reptans. 


I 


! 


l!> 


iM.-, 


i 


r 


28        OUR  NATIVE   FERNS  AND    THEIR  ALLIES. 


LITERATURE.* 

Bessey.     Botany.    (See  p.  23.) 

GoEHEL.     Outlines  of  Classification.    (See  p.  23.) 

De  Bary  (A.).  Comparative  Anatomy  of  Phanerogams 
and  Ferns.     8vo.     Oxford,  1884.     (Macmillan  &  Co.) 

Camphell  (Douglas  H.).  A  Third  Coat  in  the  Spores  of  the 
Genus  Onocka.     In  Torny  BuUdin,  xii.  8,  9  (Jan.  1885). 

SCHRENK  (Joseph).  The  Dehiscence  of  Fe.n  Sporangia. 
In  Toy}cy  IhtUciin,  xiii,  68,  69  (1886). 

Lyon  (Florence  May).  Dehiscence  of  the  Sporangium  of 
Adiantum  pedatum.  In  Toncy  Hidlciin,  xiv.  180-183  (Sept. 
1887). 


CHAPTER    VI. 


THE   FERN   ALLIES. 


if  i 

I?  n 


Reneatli  my  feet 
The  ground-pine  curled  its  pretty  wixath. 

— Emkrson. 

A.    THE   GRAPE-FERNS  AND   ADDER-TONGUES. 

8  1 .  General  Characters. — These  peculiar  plants,  former- 
ly united  with  the  order  Filices,  are  now  regarded  as  consti- 
tuting a  distinct  botanical  order.  They  include  mostly  small, 
fleshy,  terrestrial  plants,  and,  like  ferns,  may  usually  be  found 
m  swamps  or  rich,  moist  woods.  As  already  noticed  (5),  there 
is  a  marked  tendency  to  variation  in  the  same  species,  and 
numerous  varieties  have  been  established  from  the  various 
forms. 

82.  The  sterile  and  fertile  portions  of  the  plant  are  borne 
on   a  common  stalk,  and  either   portion  may  be  sessile,  lor.g 


*  See  other  referencis  at  (lose  of  C'li.ipter  X. 


s. 


THE   FERN  ALLIES, 


29 


:rogai»s 


2S  of  the 

orangia. 

gium  of 
3  (Sept. 


•.RSON. 

UES. 

,,  forincr- 
s  consti- 
Jy  small, 
be  found 
(5),  there 
cies,  and 
;   various 

ire  borne 
sile,  i>j.i^ 


# 


or  short  stalked,  in  the  various  species.  In  Ophioglossum 
the  sterile  portion  is  simple,  and 
in  all  our  species  except  the  anoma- 
lous 0.  pabnatam  appears  like  a  sin- 
gle leaf  borne  on  the  common  stalk. 
In  Botrychiuiii  (Fig.  19)  the'  sterile 
segment  (except  in  some  forms  of 
B.  simplex)  is  somewhat  pinnately  or 
ternately  divided,  and  in  the  larger 
forms  of  B.  VirginicDium  is  broad- 
ly ternate,  with  the  divisions  even 
tri — quudripinnatifid.  The  veins  are 
free  in  the  latter  genus,  but  anas- 
tomose in  the  former.  This  charac- 
ter, however,  is  frequently  obscured 
by  the  fleshy  texture  of  the  plant. 

83.  Vernation. — As  has  been 
before  stated,  ferns  are  rolled  in  the 
bud  from  the  apex  downward  {cir- 
cinatc),  distinguishing  them  from 
the  higher  forms  of  vegetation. 
Among  the  Ophioglossace^,  how- 
ever, the  vernation  is  either  straight, 
inclined  at  the  apex  of  one  or  both 
segments,  or  else  the  fertile  seg- 
ments are  folded  on  the  main  stalk, 
making  the  vernation  wholly  in- 
clined. Until  recently  there  has  been 
much  dilRculty  in  distinguishing  the 
smaller  species  of  Boirychiiim,  and 
some  forms  seem  to  connect  the 
smaller  ones  with  the  reduced  forms 
of  B.  tcrnatuin  and  B.  Virgini- 
aniim. 

Mr.  Davenport  has  investigated  the  bud  characters  of  these 
intimately  related  species,  and  ha?  made  their  ide.itification  a 
matter  of  comparatively  easy  investigation.  The  buds  may  be 
found  enclosed  in  the  base  of  the  common  stalk  (except  in  B. 
Virginianum,  where  they  are  placed  in  an  upright  cavity  at  ont 


Fig. 


ig. — Plant  of  Botrychium 
iunaria^  natural  size. 


.  r 


:    , 


,  il 


so        OUR   NATIVE   FERNS  AND    THEIR   ALLIES. 

side),  and  may  be  examined  with  a  strong  lens.     The  three  di- 
visions are  summed  up  as  follows: 

"I.  Vernation  wholly  straight.     B.  ximphx  Hitch.  (Fig.  31). 

/; 


II.   Vernation  part 


rtly  inclined  in  one  or  both  portions,     yy. 
lunaria   Swz.   (Fig.  32),  B.  borcalc  Milde,  B.  viatricariirfoliuvi 

A.  Br.  (Fig.  33),  and  B.  ternaiu))i  Swz.  (Fig.  34). 

III.  Vernation  wholly  inclined,  in  the  fertile  frond  recurved. 

B.  lanceolatuin  Angs.  (Fig.  35),  and  B.  Virginianwn  Swz." 
The  special  characters  of  each  species  will  be  found  under 

the  descriptions  of  the  Boirychia  later  in  this  work.  The  cuts 
will  be  valuable  for  reference,  and  will  enable  even  beginners  to 
identify  the  species  of  this  complicated  genus  with  compara- 
tively little  difficulty. 

84-.  Fructification. — In  this  order  of 
plants  the  fructification  consists  of  sporangia, 
;,  which,  unlike  those  of  the  true  ferns,  are  not 
/,  reticulated,  possess  no  trace  of  a  ring,  open  by 
a  transverse  slit,  and  are  variously  spiked  and 
panicled  (Fig.  20).  In  the  adder-tongues 
(Pphioglossum)  the  sporangia  are  large,  and 
cohere  in  two  ranks  along  the  margins  of  a 
single  spike,  opening  transversely  to  discharge 
their  copious  sulphur-yellow  spores.  In  the 
grape-ferns  {Botrychiuin)  the  sporangia  are 
Fig.  20.— Enlarged  globul.'ir  and  ammged  in  double  rows  along 
^2%«/^''^  °teyftauim  ^'^^  uarrow  scgmcuts,  uiorc  or  less  in  panicles. 
^^^^-  In  both  genera  the  sporangia  are  not  developed 

from  the  epidermal  cells,  but  arise  from  a  transformation  of  the 
interior  tissue  of  the  leaf.  This,  with  other  characters  as  clear- 
ly defined,  serves  to  separate  these  anomalous  plants  from  the 
order  Filicp:s. 

85.  Germination. — Among  the  OPHIOGLOSSACE/E.  so  far 
as  known,  the  prothallia  are  destitute  of  chlorophyll,  develop 
under  ground,  and  are  moncEcious.  In  Botrychium  Innaria 
the  prothallium  is  an  ovoid  mass  of  cellular  tissue,  light  brown 
without  and  yellov  ish  white  within.  It  produces  a  numi)er  of 
antheridia  and  arcnegonia  on  the  upper  surface  .''swell  as  the 
lower,  differing  in  a  few  minor  points  from  the  true  ferns  in  the 
method  of  their  development. 


THE  FERN  ALLIES. 


31 


ig-  31). 
IS.     B. 

'folitnn 

:urvcd. 

f 

under 
;ie  cuts 
ners  to 
tnpara- 

der    of 
jraiigia, 
are  not 
3pen  l)y 
wcd  and 
tongues 
ge,  and 
ns  of  a 
charge 
In  the 
gia    are 
s  along 
aniclcs. 
velopcd 
n  of  the 
IS  clear- 
rotn  the 


so  far 
develop 
limaria 
^  l)ro\vn 
nil)er  of 

as  the 
s  in  the 


LITERATURE.* 

Hooker  (W.  J.)  and  Baker  (J.  G.).     Synopsis  Filicum,  pp. 

444-448. 

MiLDE  (J.).  Botrychiorum  Monograph ia.  In  Verhandl.  dcr 
kJc.  zool.  hot.  Gescllsc/iaft,^v\u,  507-516  (1868);  XIX,  55-190; 
Tafel  VII,  VIII  (1869);  xx,  999-1002  (1870). 

Davenport  (George  E.),  Notes  on  Botrychium  simplex. 
4to,  paper,  with  plates  (1877). 

Vernation  in  Botrychia.     In    Torrcy  Bulletin,  vi,  193- 

199,  plate  (1878);  VII,  115,116(1880);  VIII,  100,  loi  (1881).     Cf. 
also  XII,  22,  23. 

Campbell  (Douglas  H.)-  The  Development  of  the  Root  in 
Botrychium  tcrnatum.  In  Botanical  Gazette,  XI,  49-53>  with 
plate  (March,  1886). 

A  Method  of  Spore  Germination.  In  Botanical  Ga- 
zette, X,  428  (1885). 

GiLP.ERT  (Benjamin  D.).  Notes  on  Botrychia.  In  Torrey 
Bulletin,  xi,  -jt,,  76  (July,  1884).     Cf.  xil,  22,  23. 

B.    THE   HORSE-TAILS. 

86.  General  Characters.— The  horse-tails  or  scouring- 
riishes  belonging  to  the  genus  Equisetum  are  perennial,  rush- 
like plants,  that  may  be  found  in  damp,  gravelly,  or  loamy  soil, 
some  species  even  growing  in  shallow  water.  Our  native  species 
vary  in  height  from  a  few  inches  up  to  eleven  feet,  as  seen 
in  some  of  the  larger  forms  of  E.  rolmstum.  In  some  species 
only  the  root  is  perennial,  the  stems  which  are  sent  up  for 
producing  fruit  dying  down  to  the  ground  every  year.  In  others 
the  stems  are  evergreen,  continuing  through  the  winter.  Some 
species,  like  the  common  horse-tail  {E.  urTense),  are  dimorph- 
ous, the  fertile  stems  being  simple  and  destitute  of  green  color- 
ing matter  (chlorophyll),  while  the  sterile  stems  are  green 
and  copiously  branched,  The  fertile  stems  of  some  other  spe- 
cies, as  E.  silvaticum,  which  are  simple  at  first,  after  maturing 
their  fruit  produce  branches  and  resemble  the  ordinary  sterile 
stems  (Figs.  21,  22). 


II 


*  In  addition  to  these  papers,  Hessey's  Botany  and  Goebel's   Outlines  of 
Ci'.!<!sijhiiti\)ii  sliould  be  consulted  for  furtlicr  references  on  l''ern  Allies. 


i 


111 


r,   ; 


32        OC/A'  NATIVE  FERNS  AND    THEIR  ALLIES. 

87.  The  furrowed  stems  are  hollow,  except  in  E.  scirpoides, 
and  in  addition  to  the  larj^e  central  cavity  there  is  a  series  of 
smaller  air-cavities  opposite  the  furrows  known  as  the  vallecular 
canals,  the  furrows  themselves  being  called  valleciihc  and  the 
rid'i-es  carina;.  Opposite  the  carinas  there  are  still  smaller  cavi- 
ties known  as  car inal  canals.    The  carinae  vary  in  number  from 


I-^'^ 


Figs.  21,  22.— Eqtitsetum  syh<aticum  L.,  showing  sterile  and  fertile  stems. 

(From  Thome.) 


five  to  fifty  in  different  species.  The  stems  are  also  jointed,  and 
at  each  node  some  species  produce  a  whorl  of  branches  which 
may  be  simple  or  compound.  Some  species,  however,  like  the 
common  scouring-rush  {E.  hicmale),  produce  simple  stems. 

88.     The  leaves  are  produced  also  at  the  nodes,  and  by  the 
union  of  their  margins  form  a  short  sheath  which  ends  in  a  row 


i 


THE   FERN  ALLIES. 


33 


boides, 
•ies  of 
ecular 
d  the 

•  cavi- 

•  from 


of  teeth.  These  teeth  may  be  deciduous  or  persistent,  and  their 
number,  varying  from  three  upwards,  indicates  the  number  of 
leaves  forming  the  united  whorl. 

89.  Stomata  {"j"])  are  distributed  along  the  vallcculse  either 
irregularly  or  disposed  in  ranges  on  either  side  of  the  vallecula;. 
The  epidermis  frequently  contains  much  silica,  and  the  rough- 
ened tubercles  of  some  species  give  the  surface  a  harsh  feeling. 

90.  Fructification.— The  fructification  in  Eqjiisetwn  is 
arranged  in  cone-like  spikes  borne  at  the  apex  of  the  fertile 
stems.  These  spikes  are  composed  of  successive  closely-placed 
whorls  of  shield-shaped,  stalked  scales  or  modified  leaves,  each 
of  which  bears  from  five  to  ten  one-celled  sporangia  on  its  under 
side.  The  sporangia  open  along  the  inner  side  to  discharge 
their  numerous  spores,  whose  outer  coat  is  spirally  split  into 
two  bands,  forming  the  so-called  clatcrs.  The  elaters  when  dry 
are  spread  out  at  right  angles  to  each  other  in  the  form  of  a 
cross,  and  probably  assist  in  scattering  the  spores;  when  moist 
they  rapidly  absorb  water,  and  become  closely  coiled  around  the 
spore.* 

91.  Germination. — The  spores  of  Eqiiisctum  retaining 
their  powers  of  germination  only  a  few  days,  soon  develop 
branched  and  irregularly  lobcd  prothallia,  which  are  provided 
with  chlorophyll.  These  are  usually  dioecious,  the  male  being 
smaller,  and  producing  antheridia  at  the  end  or  margin  of  the 
larger  lobes.  The  antherozoids  are  large,  and  provided  with  a 
peculiar  appendage  known  as  the  "float."  The  female  prothal- 
lium  may  reach  one  half  inch  in  length,  and  develops  archegonia 
on  the  anterior  margin  of  the  fleshy  lobes.  The  process  of 
fertilization  is  similar  to  that  of  ferns. 


I 


IS. 


1,  and 
vhich 
;e  the 


*  An  interestirif^  illustration  of  this  can  be  seen  by  placinj^  a  mass  of  fresh 
spores  on  a  slide  uncovered,  and  exaniininj:;  it  with  a  low  power.  Hy  breath- 
ing; on  the  slide  the  elaters  coil  closely  about  the  spore  ;  as  soon  as  the  moist- 
ure evaporates  they  uncoil,  and  in  their  activity  jostle  each  other  in  great 
confusion. 

3 


ly  the 
I  row 


■II 


34 


OUR  NATIVE  FERNS  AND    THEIR   ALLIES. 


LITERATURE. 

Baker  (J.  G.).     Ferr  Allies,  pp.  1-6  (1887). 

Braun  (.Alexander).  A  Monography  of  the  North  Aincrican 
Species  of  the  Genus  Equist'tuni,  With  additions  by  George 
Engelmann.  M.D.  In  Sillimans  Journal,  XLVI,  81-91  (1843). 
Describes  the  then  known  North  American  species  of  Elijuisctuiit. 

Campbell  (Douglas  H.).  The  Development  of  the  Male 
Prothalliuni  of  the  Field  Horse-tail.  In  American  Naturalist, 
XVI.  i-io  (Jan.  1883). 

MiLDE  (J.).  Monographia  Equisetorum.  4to,  pp.  607.  with 
35  plates.  Dresden  0865).  This  elegant  work  is  a  marvel  of 
completeness,  and  a  monument  to  the  patience,  industry,  and 
ability  of  the  author. 


92, 


C    THE   CLUB-MOSSES. 
General  Characters. — The  club-mosses   are   chicfh' 


small   perennial  plants  usually  growing  in  dry  or  moist  woods, 

or  even  on  exposed  rocks 
with  little  soil  for  nourish- 
mcmt.  Most  of  the  species 
are  somewdiat  moss-like  in 
habit,  as  might  be  sus[)ected 
from  the  popular  names 
given  to  these  plants,  the 
genus  Lycopoditim  taking 
the  name  of  club-moss  and 
Selaa^inclla  that  of  rock- 
moss.  Various  species  of 
Lycopodium  are  also  known 
as  ground-pine,  ground-hr, 
ground-cedar,  running  pine, 
etc.,  from  more  or  less 
marked  resemblances  (Fig. 
23).     In    the    curious    Scla- 

-c  r.     ■      ^  r         ,.        ,  ,    sinella     Icpidophylla     from 

Fir,.  23.— Portion  of /,j'<r,'/r)r//?<;;/ f/rt?'rt/«;;z  L.     .     .  ,       , 

1^  natural  size,    (After  PrantL)  Arizona  tlie  branches  of  the 

closely  coiled   central  stem   roU   up  wlien   dry  into  a  nest-like 
ball,  and  when  moistened  expand  so  as  to  appear  flat  or  saucer- 


;'  II 


THE    FERN  ALLIES. 


35 


shaped.     As  ihc   plant  retains   this  power   indefinitely,  it  has 
sometimes  been  called  "  the  Resurrection-plant." 

93.  The  stems  are  usually  creeping,  yet  in  some  species 
show  a  tendency  to  become  erect,  and  most  species  send  up 
erect  branches  which  bear  the  fruit.  Most  species  bear  roots 
at  irregular  intervals  along  the  under  side  of  the  creeping  stems, 
but  our  solitary  species  of  Psilotian  is  rootless,  bearing  only 
underground  shoots  which  perform  the  functions  of  roots.  The 
leaves  are  small  and  unbranchcd,  in  some  instances  resembling 
appressed  scales,  in  others  resembling  the  acicular  leaves  of 
Conifers,  and  are  arranged  in  four,  eight,  or  many  ranks.  In 
some  species  the  leaves  are  of  one  kind,  while  in  others  two  or 
even  more  forms  may  occur  on  the  same  plant.  In  Psilotuin 
the  leaves  are  all  rudimentary. 

94.  Fructification. — The  fructification  of  the  club-mosses 
is  chiefly  borne  on  upright  branches  in  S(jlitary  or  clustered 
(2-5)  spikes,  which  are  formed  of  numerous  scales  or  scale-like 
leaves,  each  bearing  a  single  large  sporangium  in  its  axil.  The 
sporangia  open  transversely,  and  are 
one-celled,  except  in  Psilotuin,  where 
they  are  three-celled.  In  a  few  species 
of  Lycopoditmi  the  sporangia  are  borne 
near  the  summit  of  the  fertile  stems 
in  the  axils  of  ordinary  leaves.  The 
usual  shape  of  the  fruit-bearing  scales 
is  reijrcsented  in  Figs.  24-26. 

95.  The     spores    of    Lycopodium 
and  Psilotuin  are  of  one  kind  (Fig.  24), 
but   in   Scla<:;inclla  two   kinds  of  spo- 
rangia  are   developed — the    inicrospo- 
raiij^icx,  producing    numerous    micro- 
spores (Fig.  25)  not  unlike  the  spores 
of   lycopodium ;   and     the    mao 
rtii/i^iii,  producing  usually  four  mere 
spores  (Fig.   26),  so  caller!   from 
larger  size.     This   character  o 
_i^iiiell(i,  which  it  shares  with  the 
worts   and    pcpperworts   soon 
basis  for  the  division  of  the 


m 


M  ^ 


it 


m 


II 

111! 


I  :  1    I 


i  !:■ ' 


36        OUA'   NATIVK    I'ERXS  AiVD    THEIR   A  1. 1. IRS. 

isosporous,  producing  spores  of  one  kind  ;  and  the  hcterosporoiis, 
producing  spores  of  more  than  one  kind-.* 

96.  Germination. — The  germination  of  Lycopodiuin  is 
only  partially  known,  as  the  prothallia  have  been  seen  in  only 
three  species,  and  in  these  they  have  not  been  carried  through 
all  tlie  stages  of  development.  That  of  L.  amiotinum  is  a  yel- 
lowish-white mass  of  tissue  with  a  few  small  root-hairs.t  The 
antheridia  and  archegonia  are  developed  from  the  upper  side 
of  the  prothallium.  In  L.  ccr)iuuin,  TreubJ  found  the  pro- 
thallia much  smaller  (one  twelfth  of  an  inch  long),  vertical  in 
growth,  yellowish  below  and  bright  green  above.  The  anthe- 
ridia and  archegonia  are  found  round  the  summit  of  the  cylin- 
dric  prothallium. 

97.  The  germination  of  Sclaginclhx  is  better  known.  The 
contents  of  the  ripened  microspores  are  transformed  into  a 
mass  of  tissue  consisting  of  a  few  cells,  one  of  which  remains 
sterile  and  is  considered  a  rudimentary  prothallium,  while  the 
others  give  rise  toantherozoids,  and  are  consequently  considered 
as  a  rudimentary  antheridium.  The  macrospores,  on  the  other 
hand,  produce  a  many-celled  prothallium,  which  develop  a  few 
root  hairs  and  numerous  archegonia,  which  after  fertilization 
give  rise  to  a  new  plant.  Two  plants  are  sometimes  produced 
on  the  same  prothallium. 

98.  The  microspores  are  thus  seen  to  be  male  and  the 
macrospores  female,  showing  a  clearer  differentiation  of  sex 
in  the  products  of  the  mature  plant  than  appears  in  any  other 
group  of  the  fern  allies  already  studied.  This  may  be  consid- 
ered a  foreshadowing  of  the  completely  differentiated  sexual 
organs  which  occur  in  the  flowering  plants.  In  the  method  of 
formation  of  the  embryo  the  St'Iai:;inclla  also  differs  from  all 
other  plants  of  this  group,  and  approaches  the  flowering  plants. 

*  This  division,  tiioiij^fh  used  by  some  of  tlie  best  botanists,  is  at  best  an 
artificial  classification,  as  it  sej.  ates  genera  otherwise  closely  allied  to  each 
other. 

+  C/",  J.  Fankhauser,  Hofanisc/ie  Zeifimg,  1873,  j)p.  1-6;  Bruchmann, 
nofain'sc/ti's  Ccutralbhitt,  x\i  (18.S5). 

I  Cf.  Treub,  Ann.  d.Jard.  Bot.  d.  Buitt'tizorg^  iv  (18X4). 


orous, 

<iit    is 

only 

rough 

a  ycl- 

The 

side 

pro- 

al  in 

mtlic- 

:ylin- 


711 E  J-EK,V  ALLIES. 


n 


LITERATURE. 

Bakkr  (John  G.).  F'ern  Allies,  pp.  7-123.  London,  18S7. 
(George  Hell  cS:  Sons.) 

Spring  (A.).  Monogiaj^hic  de  hi  Faniille  des  Lycopodiu- 
cecs.  In  Mc'fnoires  dc  l Acadcinic  J^oyi/e  dc  liclgiquc,  XV,  i-i  10 
(1 842);  XXIV,  1-358  (1849). 

D.    THE   QUILLWORTS. 

99.  General  Characters. — ^The  quillworts,  so  named 
from  the  appearance  of  the 
leaves,  are  principally  incon- 
spicuous acpiatic  plants  of  a 
grass-like  or  rush-like  aspect 
(Fig.  27).  Some  species  are  *\ 
always  submerged  —  often  in 
several  feet  of  Vi'ater ;  others 
grow  in  marshy  eoil  or  in  the 
shallow  margins  of  ponds  or 
streams,  where  they  become  ap- 
parently terrestrial  in  time  of 
low  water;  while  others  still  are 
found  between  high  and  low 
water  marks,  where  they  will  be 
covered  by  water  at  high  tide. 
The  leaves  are  awl-shapcd  or 
linear,  and  are  attached  to  a 
short  fleshy  trunk.  They  vary 
in  number  from  ten  to  one  hun- 
dred in  each  plant,  and  in  length 
from  two  to  twenty  inches  in 
various  species.  0\\  account  of 
their  resemblance  to  the  im- 
mature forms  of  rushes  and 
other    aquatic   vegetation    of    a 

higher  order,  they  have  been  very  sparingly  collected.  Many 
f|uestions  of  distribution,  habits,  and  life-history  may  be  studied 
by  even  amateur  botanists  in  various  sections  of  the  ccmntry. 


Fu;.  27. — Isoctes  iacttstris  L.,  natural 
size.     (Redrawn  from  Sprague.) 


h  w 


1! 

!     ; 

!         1 

i     : 

)    ; 
i    i 

!    ! 

j! 


\\  \ 


i 


38        OUR  NATIVE   FERNS  AND    THEIR  ALLIES. 

In  this  way  valuable  additions  to  science  may  be  contributed 
by  those  whose  labor  misdirected  mi^dit  be  wasted. 

100.  Fructification. — The  sporangia  of  the  quillworts, 
like  tliose  of  the  club-mosses,  are  sessile  in  the  base  of  the 
leaves.  The  leaf  base,  sometimes  called  the  sheath,  is  some- 
what triangular  from  the  broad  insertion,  convex  behind  and 

concave  in  front,  where  there  is  a. 
large  depression  known  as  \.\\c  fovea. 
which  contains  the  sporangium. 
The  margin  of  the  fovea  rises  in  the 
lo.'in  of  a  delicate  membrane  called 
the  veluDi,  which  in  many  species 
lies  above  the  sporangium  and  en- 
closes it.  The  sporangia  of  the  outer 
Figs,   98,  20.— Two    kinds    of  ,  ^    .       ,  11 

sporangia  in  /.  Ucustris  L.,  en-  Icavcs  contam  Uugc  splicncal  ma- 
larucd.    (After  Spn.Bue.)  crosporcs;  those  of  the   inner  con- 

tain numerous  oblong,  triangul '.r  microspores.  The  size  and 
marking  of  the  spores  form  important  characters  in  distin- 
guishing species. 

lot.  Germination. — The  microspore  after  ren;aining  dor- 
mant through  the  winter  forms  a  few-celled  structure  which 
produces  the  antherozoids,  which  are  long  and  slender,  and 
provided  with  a  tuft  of  cilia  at  each  end.  The  macrosporc 
produces  a  prothallium  nmch  as  in  Sclai^inclla  (97) ;  from  this 
the  germ  of  the  mature  plant  arises  after  fertilization  by  the 
antherozoids. 

LITERATURE. 

Bakkr  (J.  G.).     Fern  Allies,     pp.  123-134  (1887), 

Hkaun  (Alexander).  On  the  North  American  Species  of 
IsOi'tcs  and  Marsilca.  Communicated  by  Dr.  G.  Engelmann. 
In  Silliinaiis  Journal,  Second  Series,  iir,  52-56  (1847). 

Engelmann  (George).  Isoi-tcs  of  Northern  United  States. 
In  Gray  s  Manual,  Fifth  Edition  (1868). 

The  Species  of  I  socles  of  the  Indian  Territory.  In  Bo- 
tanical Gazette,  III,  I,  2  (Jan.  1878). 

The  genus  Isoclcs  in  North  America.       In    Trans.  St. 

Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  iv,  358-390  (1882).     A  valuable  monograph  of 
this  most  difficult  genus  of  the  fern  allies. 
See  also  notes  in  Botanical  Gazette,  VI,  228. 


I 


THE  FEliX  ALLIES. 


39 


E.    THE   RHIZOCARPS. 

102.  General  Characters.— Tlie  Rliizcjcarps,  so-called 
from  the  fruit  being  prodticcd  at  or  near  the  roots  in  some 
ffcnera,  include  aquatic  plants  of  very  diverse  characters. 
Some,  like  Marsiliix,  root  in  mud  and  produce  long-petioled 
leaves  reseinblinj^  "  four-leaf  clovers"  which  sometimes  float  on 
the  surface  of  water;  more  often  the  plant  will  be  found  j^row- 
in^'  in  wet  or  marshy  places,  with  more  rij^id  stipes.     Others, 


like  PHiilaria,  resemble  the  sterile  conditions  of  JUcocJiaris  or 
other  sedj^es  with  a  habit  similar  to  Marsilia.  Others,  like 
AzoUa  or  Salvinui,  float  on  the  surfav:e  of  water,  and  consist  of 
a  U-afy  axis,  sending;  numerous  roots  deep  into  the  water.  In 
Azolla  the  leaves  are  minute  and  lobed  ;  in  Sahinia  (FijLj;.  30) 
they  are  larj^er  and  simple.  Marsilia  and  PHularia  have  cir- 
cinate  vernation, 

103.  Fructification. — The  fruit  of  Marsilia  ccjusists  of  a 
hollow-stalked  receptacle  known  as 
the  sporocarp,  which  is  oblong  or 
rarely  globose,  and  bears  the  spo- 
rangia in  sori  on  the  inner  walls  of 
its  two  valves.  "he  spores  are  of 
two  kinds,  as  in  all  rhi/ocarps.  The 
numerous  microspores  are  con- 
tained in  microsporangia,  while  the 
macrospores  are  solitary  in  the  few 
macrosporangia. 

1 04.  The  sporocarp  of  Pihi- 
haia  is  globose,  containing  from 
two  to  four  cells,  which  produce 
microsporangia  in  the  upper  portion 
and  macrosporangia  below ;  the 
microspores  are  numerous,  w  lile  a 
single  macrospore  is  found  .1  each 
sporangium. 

1  05.  In  AzoUa  the  sporocarps 
are  of  two  kinds,  borne  in  the  axils 
of  the  leaves  ;  the  larger  are  glo- 
bose, and  contain  numerous  microspores,  which  are  aggregated 


Fic;.  30. — Sah'inia  nalaiis 
Hoffm..  natural  size.  (Re- 
drawn from  Thomd.) 


i 


m 


II 


40        OUR  NATIVE  FERNS  AND    THEIR  ALLIES. 

in  masses ;  the  smaller  are  ovoid,  and  contain  a  single  niarro- 
sporc. 

1  06.  Salvinia  (Fip;.  30),  recently  discovered  in  Missouri. 
has  the  sporocarps  borne  in  clusters  on  short  branches  of  the 
floatinjif  stem,  one  or  two  of  each  cluster  bearinjr  ten  or  more 
macrosporanj^ia,  each  of  which  contains  a  sinja^Ie  macrospore, 
the  remainder  bearinji;  numerous  globose  microsporany;ia  with 
numerous  microspores. 

107.  Germination. — In  M,irsi//o  the  anthcrozoids  :irp 
produced  in  a  rudimentary  prothallium  which  develops  from  the 
microspore  and  are  corkscrew-shaped,  consistiiij^  of  several 
coils.  The  prothallium,  fleveloped  from  the  apex  of  the  ma- 
crospore is  a  liemispherical  mass  of  tissue,  and  contains  a  sin- 
jTjle  archetfonium.  Much  is  yet  to  be  learned  of  the  habits  and 
life-history  of  our  native  species. 


LITERATURE. 

Raker  (J.  G.).     Fern  Allies,     pp.  134-F49  (1S87). 

Rraun  (Alexander).  On  the  North  American  Species  of 
/soi'tra  and  ALars//rn.  In  S/I/i man's  Jonnia/,  Second  Series, 
111,52-56(1847). 

Ueber  Mixrsi'lia  uiid  Pilularia.     In  Monatsberichie  dcr 

Koni[i^L  Akaili-mic  lirr  Wixscnschaft  zu  Berlin,  1863.  413-436. 

Neuere  Untersuclmngen  iiber  die  Gattuni;en  Marsilia 

\iw(\  Pilularia.     Ibid.,  1870,653-753. 

Nachtraf,diclie  Mittheilunt;eii  iil)er  die  Gattungen  Mar- 
silia und  Pilularia.     Ibid.,  1872,  635  679. 

Engelmann  (Georj^e).  New  Species  of  Marsilia.  In  Silli- 
vians  Journal,  Second  Series,  vi  (1848). 

SxRAsnuRdER    (L.).      Ueber  Aaolla.     8vo,  7  plates.      Jena 

(i«^73). 

UNDKRWOon  (L.  M  )  and  Cook  (O.  F.).  Notes  on  the 
American  Species  of  Marsilia.  In  Torrcy  Hulletin,  xiv,  89-94 
(May,  1887). 


CLASSII'ICATION  AND  NOMENCLATURE. 


4i 


;irro- 


CIIMTRR    VII. 


. 


CLASSIFICATION   AND   NOMENCLATURE. 

The  ediicati(jn  of  a  naturalist  now  consists  chiefly  in  learning  how  to  compare. 

— Agassiz. 

108.  Nomenclature. — Refori  the  time  of  LinniL'US,  tlic 
method  of  namin<,f  plants  and  animals  was  a  subject  of  much 
embanassmeiit  to  science,  and  p^ave  rise  to  endless  confusion. 
This  ^reat  autlior,  justly  called  the  "  Father  of  Botany,"  intro- 
duced a  new  system  of  nomenclature  that  jj;ave  an  impetus  to 
the  study  of  nature.  His  system  has  since  been  in  constant  use, 
and  has  made  possible  the  i>reater  accuracy  and  definiteness  in 
the  descriptions  of  subsequent  naturalists.  He  also  introduced 
a  system  of  classification  which,  ihoujjjh  artificial  and  since 
abandoned,  paved  the  way  to  the  more  natural  system  since 
adopted.  He  arranged  the  various  plants  and  animals  known 
to  him  in  a  few  groups  according  to  some  particular  plan  of 
structure,  divided  these  into  still  smaller  groups,  and  so  on  to 
the  lowest  divisions,  genera  and  species.  To  these  divisions 
special  names  were  assigned,  thus  giving  to  each  organism  a 
double  name,  the  first,i,'tv/<7vV,  which  may  be  likened  to  our  fam- 
ily name,  the  other  specific,  corresponding  to  our  baptismal 
name.  Thus  the  "  golden-back"  of  California  bears  the  lame 
Gyninojrramme  triau^ularis  given  it  by  Kaulfuss.  The  first  it 
bears  in  common  with  other  species  from  this  and  other  coun- 
tries which  possess  a  like  fructification.  The  latter  is  peculiar  to 
this  species,  which  has  a  somewhat  triangular  frond. 

109.  Generic  Names. — These  may  be  derived  from  some 
characteristic  of  growth  or  structure  {Cryptoi^ranimc.  Chcilan- 
t/u's,  Sc/u'sfca),  in  honor  of  some  botanist  or  distinguished  patron 
of  science  {Dicksonia,  IVoods/a),  or  occasionally  from  some 
mythological  or  symbolical  character  (OsinuHcia). 

1  1  O.  Specific  Names. — These  are  usually  adjective  ele- 
ments either  Latin  or  Latinized,  and  must  agree  in  gender  with 


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42        OCTA'   NATIVE   FEKNS  AND    THEIR   ALLIES. 

the  {generic  name  according  to  the  rules  of  Latin  syntax.  Errors 
in  agreement  have  Irequently  been  made  by  botanists  who  were 
not  versed  in  the  classics,  and  it  is  unfortunate  that  errors  of 
this  character  as  well  as  gross  errors  in  the  orthography  of  gen- 
eric names  have  found  their  way  into  accepted  text-books  of 
botany.*  Specific  names  frequently  indicate  something  regard- 
ing habit  or  mode  of  growth  {bulbif era, gracilis,  airopurpurea), 
or  may  indicate  the  locality  in  which  the  organism  was  first  dis- 
covered (Californica,  Ilvcnsis).  A  few  take  their  name  from 
their  discover,  in  which  case  the  name  is  Latinized  and  takes  a 
genitive  ending  {Uootiii,  Leinmani),  or  else  an  adjective  form 
{Goldicanum,  Clintonianuin). 

111.  Tile  advantage  of  this  binary  nomenclature  is  at  once 
evident  when  we  consider  the  immense  number  of  ferns 
alone,  \.o  say  nothing  of  the  remainder  of  the  vegetable  world 
and  the  hosts  of  the  animal  creation.  Rythis  means  organisms 
of  comi'lex  structure  can  be  definitely  characterized  with  com- 
paratively few  words,  and  the  scientific  name  once  established, 
is  recognized  among  scientists  of  all  nation?  and  languages. 

1  1  2.  Among  some  tiiere  is  a  tendency  to  regard  scientific 
names  with  disfavor,  on  the  ground  ihat  they  are  long  aiifl  dif- 
ficult. But  what  shall  we  say  of  (liraniiau,  or  Claiiioltis,  or 
Fuchsia,  or  Plilox  Dnoiiniondii,  or  a  hundred  others  familiar  to 
every  lover  of  flowers?  Are  these  less  difficult  than  Aspidiuiii, 
NotJiolLcna,  Woodsia,  or  Pelhca  lircwcri?  A  little  reflection  will 
convince  a  person  of  sense  that  such  a  criticism  is  unjust. 

113.  A  worse  tendency  is  perhaps  that  which  prompts  the 
introduction  of  "  popular  names"  for  ferns  :  occasionally  a  name 
of  this  kind  is  highly  appropriate,  and  deserves  wide-spread 
adoption,  as  in  the  case  of  "Christmas-fern"  for  Aspidiitvi 
ncrostic/ioidcs,  suggested  by  Mr.  Robinson;  tlie  greater  part, 
however.  Have  no  merit,  and  when  such  monstrosities  appear 
oS  "  Leather-leaf  Polypody"  for  Polypodium  Scoulcri,  "  Mr. 
Goldie's  Shield-fern"  for  Aspidiimi  Goldicam::;:,  nomenclature 
is  made  cumbrous  instead  of  simple. 

1  14.  There  are  liabilities  to  error  anl  confusion  even  in 
the  Linna*an  system  of  nomenclature,  as  various  authors  have 


*  Cistopteris  for  C'ysfopteris  is  an  example. 


CLASSIFICATION  AND  NOMENCLATURE. 


43 


rrors 
were 
rs  of 
gen- 

vS    of 

in-n), 

flis- 

rom 

cs  a 

brin 


often  assij^ncd  the  sanic  name  to  several  species.  For  example, 
the  name  CJieilantlii's  vcstita  was  given  by  Brackenridge  to  6". 
o^yacilliiiia.  Hooker  assigned  the  same  name  (in  part)  to  C. 
I(iiiUi;inos(t,  while  Swariz  assigned  tiie  same  to  the  fern  de- 
scribed in  this  volume  under  the  name  of  C.  I'cstita.  It  be- 
comes necessary,  therefore,  in  referring  to  a  species  to  indicate 
the  author  of  the  specific  name  xhw^—CIwi'/antAis  vestita  Swz. 

1  15.  Synonymy. — 1;  may  also  be  remarked  in  this  con- 
iiccti(^n  tliat  different  authors  have  described  the  same  fern 
under  widely  different  generic  and  specific  names,  owing  (i)  to 
the  different  conceptions  that  have  prevailed  at  different  times  as 
to  what  constituted  generic  characters,  and  (2)  to  ignorance  of 
what  others  had  already  written  on  species,  rcdescribed  as  new. 
Vox  example,  the  delicate  Woodsia  Ilvcnsis  of  Robert  Rrown  was 
described  as  Airostiihinii  Ilvensehy  Linnieus,  Polypodiuni  11- 
vcnse  by  Swartz,  Ncphrodium  rufuiuhiin  by  Michaux,  Aspidiuin 
nijidii/uiii  hy  W\\\(Wmi\\  and  Woodsia  rufid  11  la  hy  Beck.  Many 
other  species  have  been  as  variously  classified.  The  oppor- 
tunities for  errors  of  this  character  a"e  much  les'^  now  than  for- 
merly, yet  redescription  is  not  unknown  in  our  day. 

1  1  6.  Species. — Goethe  tells  us  that  nature  knows  oidy  in- 
dividuals, and  that  species  exist  oidy  in  the  school-books.  From 
this  extreme  there  has  beei;  every  grade  of  opinion  respecting 
species  to  the  one  which  regards  species  as  invariaM?,  actual 
existences,  types  originally  ordained  and  summoned  to  existence 
by  the  Creator.  Linnicus,  for  example,  defined  species  in  these 
words:  "  Species  tot  sunt  di^'crscr,  quot  divcrsas  fornias  ab  initio 
crcavit  i)iJinitHni  ens."  ^  Various  definitions  have  been  given  to 
species,  but  none  accord  with  the  actual  practice  of  systematists, 
who  seem  inclined  to  make  a  species  what  they  choose  ;  and 
indeed  the  existence  of  various  connecting  forms  between 
many  species  distinct  under  normal  conditions  makes  the  prac- 
tical definition  of  the  term  almost  an  impossibility.  We  may, 
however,  for  practical  purposes,  regard  as  a  species  an  assem- 
blage of  Individuals  not  differing  essentially  from  each  other, 
and  capable  of  producing  like  individuals  by  the  ordinary  pro- 
cesses of  reproduction.     A  recent  writer  defines  species  as  "  the 

*  Tliere  areas  many  (liffercnt  species  as  the  Infinite  Heing  created  in  the 

be^;;inniii)^. 


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44        OUR  NATIVE  FERNS  AND   THEIR   ALLIES. 

present  aspect  of  a  line  of  organic  development,  destined  to 
become  something  else  in  the  future,  as  it  was  something  else 
in  the  past," — a  definition  in  accord  with  the  now  universally 
accepted  biological  doctrine  respecting  the  origin  of  species. 
Species  among  ferns  are  founded  chiefly  on  dilTerences  in  the 
cutting  of  the  fronds  and  their  method  of  venation. 

1  1  7.  Varieties. — Many  f(;rms  differing  only  slightly  from 
the  ordinary  specific  types,  and  yet  capable  of  transmitting  their 
variations  from  generation  to  generation,  are  regarded  as  vari- 
eties. It  was  the  opinion  of  a  prominent  botanist,  that  all 
so-called  varieties  among  the  lower  plants  "  were  purely  the 
result  of  the  accident  of  environment,  and  never  of  cross-fertili- 
zation." Since  a  species  which  varies  in  some  minor  particular 
is  likely  to  revert  to  the  ordinary  form  as  soon  as  the  normal 
conditions  of  soil,  moisture,  or  environment  are  restored,  there 
is  no  scientific  foundation  for  the  multiplication  of  varieties  to 
serve  as  rubbish  in  works  on  systematic  botany.  There  is  a 
tendency  on  the  part  of  a  few  authors  to  multiply  varieties  in- 
definitely, and  of  a  single  species  as  many  as  sixty-fivc  varieties 
have  been  described.  The  mania  for  naming  new  varieties  is 
quite  universal,  but  is  usually  transient,  and  seldom  affects  one 
a  second  timo  ;  with  some,  however,  it  becomes  chronic,  when 
more  vigorous  treatment  is  necessary.  In  the  systematic  por- 
tion of  this  volume  varieties  that  are  deemed  worthy  to  stand 
as  such  are  printed  in  the  same  bold-face  type  as  the  species. 
Others  less  marked  are  noted  in  italics  under  the  descriptions 
oi  species.  A  true  variety  is  doubtless  the  early  stage  of  a 
species  in  process  of  separation  from  its  parent  form. 

1  1  8.  Genera. — The  genera  of  ferns  are  founded  mostly  on 
the  arrangement  of  the  sporangia  on  the  veins,  as  well  as  the 
character,  shape,  and  position  of  the  indusia.  The  generic 
limits,  however,  are  largely  matters  of  opinion,  and  vary  among 
different  authorities. 

1  19.  Tribes. — Genera  are  collected  into  tribes,  according 
as  they  agree  in  the  position  and  arrangement  of  the  sporangia 
in  clusters  or  sori,  or  resemble  each  other  in  mode  or  habit  of 
growth. 

1  20.  Sub-Orders. — Tribes  are  grouped  into  sub-orders 
according  as  they  agree  in  the  characters  of  the  sporangium,  its 


CLASS//' ICA  IIOX  AXD   XOMEXCLA  TURK. 


)f 


45 


shape,  nethod  ot  discharging  its  spores,  and  theexistei 
acter,  or  absence  of  a  ring.  The  true  ferns  contain  with  us 
three  well-marked  suborders;  the  Gleichcniacccr  are  mainly 
tropical  ferns. 

12  1.  Orders.— Ferns  were  formerly  classed  in  a  single 
order,  but  in  accordance  with  later  researches  they  are  sepa- 
rated into  three  distinct  orders,  FiLiCE.s,  Marattiace/E,  and 
Oi'iiKXiLossACE.'.-:,  which  are  distinguished  by  the  method  in 
which  the  sporangia  are  developed,  by  the  character  of  their 
spore  development,  aiul  !)y  other  minor  characteristics.  Two 
of  the  orders  are  well  repref.'^nfcd  in  our  flora;  the  Marat- 
TIACE.'E*  are  mostly  confined  to  tropical  regions.  The  horse- 
tails (A'y//w/«/;/)  form  a  distinct  order,  the  EquisetacE/E.  The 
club-mosses  of  the  genera  Lycopodiiim  and  Psiloiuin,  with  two 
genera  not  found  in  America,  form  the  orde:  Lycopodiace.e. 
Si'/(ii^/)ie/lii  and  Isot-'frs  each  form  an  order  which  takes  its  name 
from  the  single  genus.  Mtirs/'/Ai  and  I^ilularia  form  the  Mar- 
SII,IACE/E,  while  Acoi/a  and  S<i/7u'/i/a  form  the  order  SaIaini- 

ace.e. 

1  22.  Principle  of  Classification. — The  true  idea  of  clas- 
sii'ication  is  the  grouping  together  f)f  objects  according  to  essen- 
tial and  fundamental  resemblances.  Every  system  is  more  or 
less  artificial,  yet  there  is  a  continual  approach  toward  the  true 
natural  system,  which  is  the  ultimatum  of  scientific  classifica- 
tion. The  study  of  life-histories  will  continually  clear  up  points 
of  relationship  before  unknown,  and  it  will  be  long  before  the 
classification  will  become  fixed  and  constant.  Every  new  study 
contributes  to  this  enil. 

LITERATURE. 

The  references  to  original  writings  would  include  all  the 
botanists  who  have  named  or  classified  ferns  since  the  time  of 
Linnaius  (1707-1778).  Among  the  more  prominent  of  these  we 
may  mention  Swartz  (1760-1818).  Willdenow  {1765-1812),  Presl 
(1791-1849).  Mettenius  (1823--1866),  Hooker  (1785-1865),  Fee 
(1789-1874),  Milde  (1824-1871),  Al.  Hraun  (1805-1875),  and  J.  G. 
Baker  (  -  ).  The  following  work  gives  a  good  review 
of  the  various  systems: 

Smith  (John).  Ilistoria  Filicum.  London,  1875.  (Mac- 
nillan  cS:  Co.) 


I  i. 


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46        O^/A'   NATIVE   FERNS  AND    THEIR   ALLIES. 


CHAPTER   VIII. 
THE   FERN'S    PLACE   IN   NATURE. 

1  23.  Looking  about  us  on  every  hand  we  see  a  vast  array 
of  plant  life,  varying  in  size  and  complexity  of  structure,  from  the 
yeast  we  use  in  bread-making  to  the  highly  organized  tree  of  the 
forest,  and  including  such  diverse  forms  of  growth  as  the  green 
scums,  often  called  "  frog-spittle,"  that  accumulate  on  ponds  in 
summer,  the  gray  lichens  covering  rocks  and  trees,  the  puff- 
balls  and  mushrooms  that  seemingly  develop  in  a  single  night, 
the  mosses,  ferns,  and  flowers  in  all  their  variety  and  beauty. 
We  ask  where  in  all  this  array  do  our  ferns  stand,  and  what  re- 
lations do  they  sustain  to  other  plants?  In  answering  this 
question  we  can  best  proceed  by  giving  a  tabulated  arrange- 
ment of  the  plant  world,  noting  here  and  there  in  their  appro- 
priate place  iii  the  system  such  forms  as  are  popularly  recog- 
nized. 

1  24.  Aside  from  the  plants  producing  flowers,  the  ferns 
and  the  mosses  which  are  widely  known  and  generally  recog- 
nized, we  find  two  types  f)f  plants  of  lower  grade  that  stand  out 
prominently  to  even  the  unpractised  eye.  Of  these  the  fust 
are  mostly  green,*  and  though  variously  known  and  named  may 
be  called  collectively  ah^ic.  Like  the  higher  jilants,  these  low 
forms  maintain  an  independent  existence,  drawing  their  nour- 
ishment from  air  and  water.  Of  the  second  group  we  may  fuul 
examples  in  the  mildew  that  spreads  over  leaves  of  lilac  and 
other  plants  its  white,  cobwebby  fdm  ;  or  in  the  rust,  red  or 
black,  that  injures  our  fields  of  standing  grain  ;  or  in  the  black 
smut  that  often  rei)laces  the  ear  of  corn  and  greatly  disfigures 
the  plant.  Other  examples  may  be  seen  in  the  shelving  masses 
that  pn^trude  from  old  stumps  or  logs,  or  the  half-dead  trunks 
of  trees  still  standing,  and  in  the  bright  scarlet  cups  that  ap- 
pear on  the  ground  in  forests  in  earliest  spring.     Whatever  the 


*  Ohscrv.int  visitors  to  llie  seaside  are  familiar  with  Ijrown,  purple,  and 
bri^l>t-red  "  sea-weeds,"  tiiat  beioii};  liere,  lliiir  ^y^w  i<i](ir  ljfin}4  masked. 


\     . 


THE   FERN'S  PLACE  IN  NATURE. 


47 


color  of  all  these  forms  of  plant  grov.  tli,  they  may  be  character- 
ized as  not  green.  They  represent  a  group  of  plants  that  re- 
quire nourishment  from  some  source  besides  air  and  water; 
some  are  parasitic — drawing  nourishment  from  living  plants  or 
animals,  while  others  arc  saprophytic — living  on  decaying  or- 
ganic matter.  Though  widely  different  in  character,  we  may 
call  them  all  fimi^i.  With  these  ideas  clearly  in  mind  we  are 
better  prepared  to  appreciate  the  classifications  which  folhjw. 

1  25.  System  of  Linnaeus. — In  the  sexual  system  of  Lin- 
naeus the  plants  now  collectively  known  as  "flowerless  plants" 
formed  the  twenty-fourth  class,  to  which  he  gave  the  name 
CkVi'iocAMiA  (hidden  marriage),  because  in  them  no  proof  of 
a  sexual  reproduction  was  apparent.  His  remaining  twenty- 
three  classei  constituted  what  are  now  called  Phanerooamia 
or  flowering  plants,  in  which  the  sexual  organs  (stamens  and 
pistils)  were  apparent  then  as  now. 

1  26.  LinnoL'us  divided  the  class  C>yptoi;ainia  into  orders 
as  follows  ; 

I.  Fii.iCKS,  the  ferns  and  their  allies; 

II.  Mu.sci,  the  true  mosses  and  club-mosses  ; 

III.  AL(1/E,  which  comprised  hepatics  and  lichens  in  addi- 
tion to  what  the  term  now  includes  ; 

IV.  FuNCi,  mushrooms,  etc. 

It  will  thus  be  seen  that  Linnaius  simply  put  under  concise 
definition  the  groups  still  popularly  recognized  (124). 

1  27.  Before  the  Linniean  system  was  discarded,  his  fol- 
lowers had  increased  the  orders  to  eight,  the  Equi'sctacca  hav- 
ing been  separated  from  the  ferns,  the  LycopodinciC  from  the 
mosses,  and  the  IlepatUiC  (liverworts)  and  Lichcncs  (lichens) 
from  the  algae. 

I  28.  Witiiout  stopping  at  the  various  stages  in  the  history 
of  classification  since  Linnaeus,  we  will  present  briefly  the  sys- 
tem followed  by  the  leading  authorities  in  Europe,*  and  then 
outline  with  more  detail  the  system  commonly  followed  in  this 
country,  which  is  based  on  methods  of  sexual  reproduction  and 
follows  morphological  and  fundamental  rather  than  physiologi- 
cal characters. 


*  Outlines  of  Classification  and  Sjiciial  Mfjrjiliolofjy  of  Plants.     Hy  Dr.  K. 
Goebel.     (English  Translation.)     Oxford,  iSSy.     (Macmillan  iS:  Co.) 


IS 


n 


iiii 


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48        OCA'   NATIVE   FEKXS  AND    THEIR   ALLIES. 

129.  European  System. — The  system  commonly  fal- 
lowed in  continental  Europe  reduces  plants  to  four  groups,  the 
lowest  including  the  great  mass  of  plants  below  the  mosses.  A 
few  of  the  leading  sub-groups  are  added  : 

Group  I.  Thalloimivtks. 

1.  Myxomyci-tcs.     (Slime  Moulds.) 

2.  DiatomaiCic.     (Diatoms.) 

3.  Schizopliyta.     (Bacteria,  etc.) 

4.  Algii'.     (In  a  narrow  sense.) 

5.  FiDii^i.     (Inclurling  Lichens.) 
Grout)  II.   MrsLiNK.K. 

1.  llcpaticir.     (Liverworts.) 

2.  Mitsci.     (True  Mosses.) 

Group  III.  Vascular  Ckm-tociams  (ferns  and  their  al- 
lies). 

Group  IV.  SF.F.n  Plaxis  (Piiancroganiia). 

1  30.  American  System. — This  system  is  with  slight  mod- 
ifications that  proposed  by  Dr.  Hessey  in  his  larger  Botany  in 
1880,  and  afterwards  modified  in  his  "  Essentials."  *  It  consists 
in  a  division  of  the  plant  kingdom  into  seven  co-ordinate 
branches,  of  which  the  three  highest  correspond  to  Groups 
II-IV.  above  (129),  except  in  name,  while  the  four  lower 
branches  are  themselves  divisions  of  the  thallophytes.  The 
branches  and  their  leading  classes  are  as  follows  : 

13  1.— I.  Protophyta. — Plant  body  minute,  often  micro- 
scopic, unicellular,  or  consisting  of  shajjcless  masses  of  proto- 
plasm ;  reproduction  entirely  asexual  by  fission,  gemmation, 
or  internal  cell-division  ;  contains  three  classes,  of  which  the 
first  two  arc  *'  fungi." 

1.  Myxowycctcs.     (Slime  Moulds.) 

2.  Sihizomycctcs.     (Bacteria  and  Yeast  Fungi.) 

3.  Cyanophycca.     (Bhie-groen  Scums.) 

132. -II.  Zygophyta.t — Plant  body  unicellular  or  consist- 


*  Botany  for  Hifjli  Schools  and  Colleges.  New  York,  1880.  (Henry  Holt 
&  Co.)— The  Essentials  of  Botany.     New  York.  1884.     (Henry  Holt  &  Co.) 

t  The  evolution  of  the  terms  Zyf^ophydi,  Oop/iy/u,  and  Caif^opliyta  is  of 
interest.  When  Dr.  Bessey  in  1880  first  raised  the  f^ronps  Zyfi;o.<f'ort\r,  Oc- 
aporcte^  and  Carposporetc  from  classes  to  branches,  he  retained  their  names 
intact.     With  a  view  of  securing  uniformity  of  termination  I  sugt;ested  in 


'  ! 


fol- 
s,  tlic 
A 


THE   FERN'S  PLACE  IN  NATURE. 


49 


ing  of  filaments ;  sexual  reproduction  consisting  of  the  union 
of  two  similar  cells,  both  of  which  are  equally  active  in  the  pro- 
cess. Product  of  reproduction  a  zyi^ospore.  Contains  five 
classes,  of  which  the  first  four  are  "  algae."  * 

1.  ZoospoRK.i-:.    (Water-net,  Sea  Lettuce,  etc.) 

2.  Desmidiace/E.     (Desmids.) 

3.  DiATOMACE.E.     (Diatoms.) 

4.  Zyc.nemacE/E.     (Pond  Scums.) 

5.  ZvciOMYCETES.     (Black  Moulds.) 

133. -III.  Oophyta — I'laiit  body  varying  from  a  loosely 
united  colony  of  cells  through  filamentous  forms  to  a  well- 
developed  tliallus  ;  sexual  reproduction  accomplished  by  the 
union  of  a  small  active  cell  {anthcyidium)  with  a  larger  passive 
cell  {pogoniiiDi).  Product  of  reproduction  an  oospore.  Con- 
tains seven  classes.t  of  which  the  first  three  and  the  last  are 
"  alga^." 

1.  Zoosi'OKE.K.     (Volvox,  etc.) 

2.  OsiJOdONiE.K.     (Small  fresh-water  alga;.) 

3.  Vaucmkuiace.k.     (Green  Felts.) 

4.  Sai'Rolkc.niack.k.     (Water-mould;  Fish-fungus.) 

5.  Entomoi'HTHork.e.     (Fly-fungus.) 

6.  Pkrono.sfork.e.     (Downy  Mildew  ;  White  Rust.) 

7.  FucACE.E.     (Kock-weed  and  other  brown  algae.) 

1  34.— IV.  Carpophyta. — Plant  body  varying  from  poorly 
developed  filaments  (in  parasitic  forms)  to  a  highly  develojied 
tliallus  {Floridi'u').  or  with  a  distinct  leafy  axis  {C/iaracru')  ; 
sexual  repr(Mluction  accomplished  by  the  union  of  an  active  cell 
or  cells  produced  in  the  antheridium,  and  a  larger  passive  cell 
(here  called  carpo_ij;oniuni) ;  product  of  reproduction  a  sporo- 
carp  (spore-fruit),  usually  containing  numerous  spores  sur- 
rounded by  a  more  or  less  complicated  envelope  of  sterile  cells. 


i88j  (2(1  edition,  i>.  53)  the  shorteninfr  of  the  terms  to  Zyi;ospora,  Oospora. 
aii(i  i'drpoapora.  Dr.  Hessey  in  his  "  Ivssentials  "  (18S4)  completed  the  uni- 
formity by  chan};;in};  all  so  as  to  end  in  pliyta.  To  complete  tie  series,  I 
have  adopted  Sp,'r  nut  pliyta  for  the  highest  };ronp. 

*  The  last  four  are  often  f^rouped  toj^etlier  as  ''  conjuf^iifce"  differinp; 
from  the  fust  in  possi-ssinj^  stationary  instead  of  motile  reproductive  cells. 

+  The  vl,  Jtli.  sth.and  6th  form  the  class  Ca-/oNiis(i\e  of  Hessey's  Botany. 


■I 


I 


50 


OrR  NATIVE  FEKNS  AND    THEIR   ALLIES. 


■i\    ' 


■)''     i:i 


''    J 


Contains  the  foUovvinj?  twelve  groups*  which  arc  variously 
classified  by  diflcrent  authors.  The  first,  second,  and  twelfth 
are  alga:,. 

1.  CoLF.ocM/KTivK.     (Snia!.  frehh-watcr  alccae.) 

2.  Flokm^K/E.     (,Kcd  algx.) 

3.  Pkkisi'okialk.k.     (Powdery  Mildews.) 

4.  Tuhp:racf,a;.    (Truftles.  etc.) 

5.  th^.i  vi;i  i.ACK.E.     (Cup-fungi,  Morels,  etc.) 

6.  FvKKNoMVCETKS.     (Ergot,  Hlack-knot,  etc.) 

7.  LicHKNKS.     (Lichens.) 

8.  Ukkuink.k.     (Cluster-cups,  red  and  black  Rusts) 

9.  USTII.AC.INK.K.      (Smuts.) 

10.  Hymknomycetks.     (Mushrooms,  Pore-fungi,  etc.) 

11.  GASTiiRO.MVCr.TES.  (PulT- balls.  Earth -stars,  Stink- 
horns.) 

12.  CuAKAfK.K.     (Stone-worts.) 

135.— V.  B'-yophyta. — Plant  body  varying  from  a  thallus 
to  a  distinct  leafy  a.xis,  containing  only  a  rudimentary  fibro- 
vascular  system  ;  li'e-hi.story  involving  two  alternating  phases  : 
(i)  a  highly  organized  sexual  phase,  producing  archcgonia  and 
anthcridia;  and  (2)  a  sp'^rogonial  phase,  living  parasitically  on 
the  first,  and  ase.xually  producing  sporee,.  Two  well-marked 
classes  are  recognized. 

1.  Hepatick.     (Liverworts.) 

2.  Musci.     (True  Mosses.  Peat  Mosses) 

136. -VI.  Pteridophyta. — Plant  body  usually  a  leafy  axis 
containing  a  well-devclopei  fibro- vascular  system  of  highly  dif- 
ferentiated tissue;  life-liistory  involving  two  phases  :  (i)  a  thal- 
loid  phase,  producing  sexual  organs  (antheiidia,  archegonia), 
and  (2)  a  highly  organized  asexual  phase,  producing  spores. 

(The  subdivisions  of  this  branch  are  more  fully  arranged  in 
another  portion  of  this  work.) 

137.— VI5.  Spermaphyta.t — Plant   body,   except   in    rare 


*  The  ^'  -  )ups  from  7,  to  9  inclusive  are  classed  by  Bessey  as  Arcomyceits  ; 
10  and  II  as  Pii'u'dioviyti'tes. 

t  I  have  followed  (ioebel  in  usinjj  Ihis  term  in  jilace  of  the  older  I  haiwry- 
gahiia,  Decanse  of  (1)  its  fiUiess,  and  (2)  its  uniformity  with  other  branches. 
Like  the  term  0-r/.'",<7^(/M'/(/,  /'/ianrrofftiini,j  h^'A  lost  its  original  sij^nificancf, 
ami  may  well  be  classed  vith  it  as  obsolete. 


THE   I'EKX'S   ri.ACI:    IX   NATURE. 


5« 


rare 


cases  {Li'iiina,  etc.),  a  wcIl-dcvelopcd  leafy  ;ixis  containing 
higlily  (litTerentiated  tissues  of  every  kind  ;  sexual  reproduction 
consisting  of  the  union  of  pollen  grains  (male  element)  with  the 
enil)ryo-sac  (female  element),  resulting  in  the  formation  of  an 
embryo,  which  with  its  coverings  constitutes  the  seed.*  Con- 
tains two  well-marked  classes. 

1.  Gymnospkrm.e.     (Cone-bearing  trees.  Cycads,  etc.) 

2.  ANC.iosPF.kM.K.     (:\11  Other  set.'d-bearing  plants.) 

138.  It  will  thus  be  sc(;n  that  the  Ferns  and  their  Allies 
occupy  a  high  plac(!  in  tiie  plant  world  just  beh^w  the  seed-pro- 
ducing plants.  This  p(wition  they  maintain  not  only  from 
complexity  of  structure  and  the  character  of  their  reproduction, 
but  also  from  their  evident  graded  relation  to  some  of  the 
lower  forms  of  spcrmaphytes,  including  many  now  extinct. 

LITERATURE. 

In  preparing  this  list  of  reference  works  on  the  various 
grou|)S  of  plants,  a  list  recently  published  by  Dr.  Besseyt  has 
served  as  a  basis.  Numerous  additions  have  been  made,  and 
such  comments  have  been  introduced  as  will  enable  the  student 
to  select  intelligently  the  most  desirable  works.  As  the  lower 
groups  of  plants  have  been  classed  heretofore  in  the  two  great 
divisions  ait^ce  ^m\/HHi;^i,  we  begin  with  general  works  on  these 
two  groups,  and  then  indicate  special  works  atid  papers  relating 
to  narrower  groups,  as  they  have  been  independently  mono- 
graphed. 

The  algne  are  frequently  grouped  according  to  habitat. 
The  works  relating  \.n  fri'sh-ioatrr  forms  are  : 

WoLLE  (F.).  Fresh-water  Algui  of  the  United  States.  2 
vols.  Svo.     nethlehem,  Pa.,  1887. 

*  It  will  be  re.idily  seen  that  this  niethocl  is  only  a  slifjlit  modification  of 
what  appears  in  the  development  of  the  hitjiier  forms  of  Pteridophytes  like 
Selas;iiu'lliX,  the  microsjiores  corresponding;  to  tlit;  p(;!len  and  the  macro- 
sjjores  to  the  enibryo-s.ic.  The  prothalliutn,  which  in  f"rns  is  a  marked  fea- 
ture of  the  sex*  ;d  stage,  becomes  reduced  in  Seliii:;ini'llii,  an<i  disappears  ex- 
cept in  rudin.ent  in  the  seed  plants.  There  are  no  sharp  lines  jMissible  in 
cKissification 

+  AiKiTuan  .Wi/uiii/n/,  xxi,  ,^76-.^79  (Ai)ril,  1S.S7). 


ii  ; 


I 


I    '! 


I,; 


ii 


iii 


1;; 
'*  •  ■ 


52        C)r/A'   hWTlVE   FERNS  AA'D    THEIR  ALLIES. 

Co()KK(M.C.).  British  Fresh- water  A Igai.  Svo.  London. 
For  marine  f onus : 

Faulow  (W.  (i.).  Marino  Aljj;.x  of  New  Kngland,  in  Report 
of  U.  S.  I'ish  Coninii'ssion  for  1879,  Svo.  Wasliinj^ton.  Will 
serve  as  a  manual  for  the  Eastern  States. 

For  more  extended  study  the  following;  more  expensive 
works  will  be  desirable  : 

Harvkv  (W.  II.).  Nereis  Boreali-Americana.  In  three 
parts.     4to.     Washington.  D.  C.   /851,  1853,  1857. 

Phycologia    Hritannica,     4  vols,  royal    Svo.     London, 

1871. 

Both  these  works  are  profusely  illustrated  with  colored 
plates. 

Fungi.* 

For  the  study  of  the  structure  and  biology  of  this  group  the 
following  is  the  best  work  extant : 

Df.  Barv  (A  "*  Comparative  Morphology  and  Biology  of 
the  Fungi,  Mycetozoa,  and  Bacteria.  (English  Translation.) 
Svo.     Oxford,  1887.     (Macmillan  &  Co.) 

No  systematic  work  on  the  N.  A.  Fungi  has  been  publisherl, 
and  none  covering  the  entire  group  is  likely  to  be  published  for 
many  years.     The  best  general  work  is  the  following: 

WiNTKR  (G  )  ct  III.  Die  Pilze.  In  Kaboi/iorsf's  Krypto- 
f^amcn  ilora  von  Di'iitscJiland,  Oestcrrcich,  iind  der  Sdncuiz. 
This  excellent  work  is  being  issued  in  parts,  of  wliich  the 
first  of  the  third  volume  has  already  appeared.  Until  this  work 
is  completed,  the  following,  thou<;h  vastly  inferior,  wdl  be  found 
serviceable  if  it  can  be  obtained  : 

C<)OKK  (M.C.).  Handbook  of  British  Fungi.  2  vols.  i2mo. 
London,  1871. 

*  In  preparing  tlicse  lists  the  "  List  of  Works  on  Nortii  American  Fiinj^i," 
by  Drs.  Farlow  and  frclease  (Kiijlioj^raphical  Contributions  of  Harvard  Uni- 
versity, No.  25),  has  been  of  jjreat  assistance.  Tliiswill  serve  as  a  valuable  in- 
dex for  students  of  Kuntji. 


THE   FERN'S  PLACE  IN  NATURE. 


53 


Myxomycctes. 

RosTAKiNSKi  (J.).  SIuzowcc  Monograph ia.  4to.  Fans, 
1875  6.  This  most  valuable  work  is  unf(rt"tunat<'ly  locked  up  in 
the  Polish  lanj^uaj^c.  A  translation  of  the  parts  relating  to 
tlic  British  species,  with  a  reproduction  of  most  of  the  plates, 
will  bo  found  in  the  next  title. 

C()OKK(M.  C)-     Myxomycetes  of  Great  Britain.     London, 

1877. 

The  Myxomycetes  of  the  United  States.      In  Annals 

X.  V.  Lyceum  Xat.  Hist.,Y.\,  378-409  (^June,  1877).     A  servicea- 
ble list  of  the  American  species. 

Schizoniyictcs. 

GuoVK  (W,  R.).  A  Synopsis  of  the  liacieria  and  Yeast 
Fungi.     i2mo.     London,  1884. 

The  literature  relating  to  Hacteria  is  becoming  enormous; 
many  references  will  be  found  in  I)e  Bary,  I.  c,  who  treats  of 
their  morphology  and  biology. 

Dcsmidiacece. 

Woi.i.K.  (F.).  Desmids  of  the  United  States.  8vo.  Beth- 
lehem, Pa..  1884 

SroKKS  (A.  C).  Key  to  the  Desmidieac.  In  Amcr. 
Monthly  Micros.  Journal,  vii,  109-114,  125-131,  144-148,163- 
169  (1886).     An  analytic  key  for  the  above-named  work. 

Diatonuicecc. 

Smith  (H.  L.).  Conspectus  of  the  Families  and  Genera  of 
the  Diatomaceae.     In  The  Lens,  i,  1-19,  72-93  (1872). 

Rahknhokst  (L.).  Flora  Europaea  Algarum.  Sectio  I. 
8vo.     Lipsiae,  1864. 

For  more  extended  study  the  following  more  expensive  work, 
with  over  3000  illustrations,  will  be  found  serviceable. 

Van  IIeukck  (H.).  Synopsis  dcs  Diatomees  de  Belgique. 
8vo.     Anvers,  1880. 


Mi 


I 


'I 


I! 


54 


OUR  NATIVE   FERNS  AND    THEIR   ALLIES 


Pcronosporac. 

FarI-ow  (W.  G.).  Kniiincration  of  tlic  Pcroiiosporcit'  of  the 
United  Slates.  In  Hotankal  Cazcttc,  viii,  305-315,  327-337 
(Oct.  and  Nov.  1883). 

Additions  to  the  Pcronosporcac  of  the  United  States. 

I  hid.,  IX,  37  40  (Mar.  1884). 

Pcrisporiaccic, 

Rkssky  (C.  E.).  The  Erysipliei.  In  lUennial  Report  Imva 
Ai^n'c.  Coil.  1877,  185  204  (I  -20).     2  plates. 

BUKRII.L  (T.  j.)  and  Kakik  (V.  S.).  Parasitic  Fun^d  of  Il- 
linois. Part  II.  Krysiphex'.  In  />'////.  ///.  State  Lab.  Nat.  Hist., 
II.  387  433  ('«77). 

Helvellacece. 

CooKF,  (M.  C).  Mycoi;raphia,  scu  Iconcs  Funj^foruni. 
Vol.  I.     Disconiycetes.    410.     London,  1879. 

Pyrenomycetes, 

TULASNE  (L.  and  C.  R.).  Selecia  Funi^oruni  Carpolofj[ia.  3 
vols.  4to.  Paris,  1861,  1863,  1865.  This  classic  work,  •  itli  truly 
elegant  plates,  treats  also  of  the  PerisporiaceiC  and  some  other 
asconiycftous  fungi. 

Saccakdo  (P.  A.),  Hkulksk  (A.  N.),  and  Voglino  (P.). 
Syllojj;e  Funjjjorum  omnium  hucusque  cognitorum.  Vols.  I-V 
already  issued.  8vo.  Padua,  1882  1887.  This  extensive  work 
is  a  compilation  of  all  the  described  fimgi  of  the  world,  i" lu^ 
first  two  volumes  only  treat  of  the  I'yrenomycctes.  The  work 
is  a  library  in  itself,  and  will  stand  as  a  monument  of  patient 
and  exhaustive  labor.* 

IJchenes, 

WiLl.KV  (H.).  An  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  the  Li- 
chens.    Pamphlet.     New  Bedford,  Mass.,  1887.    This  will  serve 

*  The  student  of  Pyrenomycetes  as  well  as  other  difficult  j;;rou])s  will  need 
to  have  reference  to  the  valuable  set  of  North  American  Fungi  prepared  by 
J.  H.  Ellis,     igoo  specimens  are  already  issued. 


r   '  :i  i 


THE  FERN'S  ri.ACE  IN  NATURE. 


55 


as  an  iiiiroduclion  to  the  descriptive  works  to  follow  in  the 
next  two  titles. 

TucKF.RMAN  (E.).  Genera  Liciicnum.  8vo.  Amherst, 
Mass.,  1872.     (S.  K.  Cassino  k  Co.) 

A   Synopsis  of   the    North   American   Lichens.     8vo. 

Moston,  1882.     (S.  E.  Cassino  &  Co.) 

Uredinecc. 

HuKRir.r.  (T.  j.).  I*arasitio  Fun,<4i  of  IllincMS.  Part  I.  In 
lUtll.lll.  State  Lab.  Nat.  Hist.,  11.  141   255  (1885). 

Ilymcnomycctcs. 

CooKK  (M.  C).  Handbook  of  Hriiish  Fungi.  Second  edi- 
tion.    Publisiicd  as  a  supplement  to  Grevillca. 

Pkck  (C.  H.).  Botanists' Ke()ort.  In  Tivcnty- third  Report  of 
Ri-i^rnts,  zy-iT,^.  Albany,  1872;  this  and  foUowiiij^  reports  con- 
tain many  synopses  and  descriptions  of  New  York  fungi. 

MoRdAN  (A.  P.).  The  Mycologic  Flora  of  the  Miami  Val- 
ley. In  Jour.  Soc.  Nat.  J  fist.,  Cincinnati.  VI,  54-81,  97-117, 
•73 -'99;  VII,  5-10  ;  VIII,  91    1 1 1,  168-174;  i.x,  1-8  (1 883- 1 885). 

For  more  expensive  works,  illustrating  many  species  with 
coIf)rcd  plates,  the  following  may  be  mentioned  : 

FkiKs  (E.).  Icones  selccta^  Hymenomycetum.  Series!  and 
II.  Folio.  1101111,1867-1884.  This  work  contains  two  hundred 
Colored  plates. 

Cooke  (M.  C).  Illustrations  of  British  Fungi.  4  vols. 
London,  1881-18S/. 

Gastt'rontyccti's. 

Peck  (C.  ll.>.  United  States  Species  of  Lycopcrdon.  In 
Trans.  Albany  Inst.,  IX,  285-318  (1-35)  (1879). 

Mor(;an  (A.  P.).  The  North  American  Geasters.  \v\  Amcr. 
Naturalist,  xviii,  963-970  (Oct.  1S84).  Reprinted  without  the 
illustrations  in  Journal  0/  Mycoioj^y,  I,  11-13  ('^85).* 


*  Students  of  fiinpi  will  find  much  matter  relatin{j  to  the  American  spe- 
cies in  this  monthly,  pul)lished  at  Manhattan,  Kan.  ($1.00  per  annum.)  It 
is  devoted  entirely  to  l-unjji. 


:». 


J! 


» I    I 


li 


ii; 


56        OUR  NATIVE  FERNS  AND    THEIR   ALLIES. 


Characca'. 

Allen  (T.  F.).  Characeau  of  America.  Part  i.  New  York, 
1888. 

Development  of  the  Cortex  in  Cliara.     In  Torrey  Ihil- 

Ictin,  IX, "37-47;  plates  xv-xxi  (Apr.  1882). 

Notes  on  tlie  American  Species  of  Tolypelhx,     Ibid.,  x, 

109-117  (Oct.  and  Nov.  1883). 

Some  Notes  on   Characex'.     Ibid..wv,  211   215;  plates 

Lxxi-Lxxv  (Oct.  1887). 

Observations  on  some  American  Forms  of  C/iara  coro- 

uata.     In  Amcr.  Naturalist,  xvi,  358  369  (May,  1882). 

Halstkd  (Ii.  1).).  Classification  and  Description  of  tin- 
American  Species  of  Characea;.  In  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist.,  XX,  169-190(1879). 

Musci. 

R\c:nall  (].  E.).  H.mdbook  of  Mosses.  i2mo.  London, 
1886.  Thoui^h  an  Enj^lish  work,  this  will  be  of  value  for 
beginners. 

LKsguF'.RKUX  (L.)  and  Jamks  (T.  P.).  Manual  of  the  Mosses 
of  North  America.     8vo.     Boston,  1884.     (S.  E.  Cassino  h  Co.) 

Rarnks  (C.  R.).  Analytic  Key  to  the  Genera  of  Mosses. 
In  Ihtll.  No.  I,  Purdue  Univ.  School  of  Science  (1886).  A 
valuable  supplement  to  the  preceding. 

A  Revision  of  the  North  American  Species  of  Fissidens. 

In  Botanical  Gazette,  Xii,  1-8,  25-32  (Jan.  and  Feb.  f886). 

For  more  extended  and  expensive  works  the  following  are 
important : 

SuLLiVANT  (W.  S.).  Ico.'.es  Muscorum,  with  Supplement. 
2  vols,  royal  8v().     Can'.bridge,  Mass.,  1864  1874. 

Hrahhwaitk  (R.).  Hritish  Moss  Flora.  Vol.  l  (all  yet 
published).     Royal  8vo.     London.  1887. 

Tiie  Sphagnacea;,  or  Peat  Mosses  of  Europe  and  North 

America.     Royal  8vo.     London,  1880. 

ScuiMi'KR  (VV.  P.).  Synopsis  Muscorum  Europrt'orum.  2 
vols.  8vo,     Stuttgart.  1876. 


*    #' 


THE  J'EKNH  PLACE  IN  NATURE. 


57 


Hi'patiLcr. 

SULLIVANT  (W.  S.).  Musci  and  Hepaticae  of  the  Eastern 
United  States.  8vo,  New  York,  1871.  Also  pul)lishcd  with 
llie  fourth  edition  of  Gray's  Manual.  The  text  of  tliis  book  is 
out  of  date  as  compared  with  our  present  knowledge,  but  the 
three  plates  are  excellent,  illustrating  nearly  all  the  generr. 

UndkrwooI)  (L.  M.).  Descriptive  Catalogue  of  the  North 
American  Hepaticic  north  of  Mexico.  In  Ihill.  III.  Lah.  Nat. 
///.v/..  II.  1-133(1883;.* 

Pteridophyta. 

As  we  have  already  given  the  literature  relating  to  the  Fern 
allies,  we  here  add  that  relating  to  the  Ferns,  including  many 
of  the  original  sources  of  description, 

Hkck  (Lewis  C).  Synoptical  Table  of  the  Ferns  anfl 
Mosses  of  the  United  States.  In  Sillimans  Journal,  vol.  iv 
(1829).     List  of  88  pteridophytes,  including  63  forns. 

DAVKNl'our  (Cieorge  F.).  Aspidium  spinulosunt  (Swart/) 
and  its  varieties.  In  Anurican  Naturalhi.  vol.  xii  (Nov. 
.878). 

New  Species  of  Ferns.     In  Torny  Ihtllctin,  VI.  190  191 

(Dec.  1887);  vii,  50,  51  (May,  1880);  viii,  61,  62  (June.  1881); 
X,  61,  62  (June,  1883). 

Fern  Notes.     In  Torrey  Ihillctin,  V!l,  85.86  ;  viii,  88,  89. 

IX,  20-23,  68,  69,  99-101  ;    X,  4-7  ;    xii,  21-24;    Xiii,  81,  82,  129- 

'35- 

Eaton  (Daniel  C).     Ferns  of  the  Mexican  Boundary.     In 

Mexican  Houndary  Sunuy,    1857.      List   of   44   I'teridojihytes, 

with  flescriptions  of  new  species. 

Ferns  of  the  Southern  States.     In  Chapman's  Flora  of 

till-  Southern  States,  i860.     Describes  56  species. 

Ferns  of   Northern  United  States.     In  Gray's  Manual, 

5th  Edition,  1868.     Describes  57  species. 

— —  Notes  on  Some  of  the  Plants  in  the  Herbaria  of  Linne 


!  it 


^    : 


*  Stiirlenls  of  the  Ifopalir.T  shnul(!  h.ive  accpss,  if  p<)ssH)lo,  to  a  set  of 
Auslin's  /fi'/>iitiiir  ti<>n\iti-.hnfn'(iii/<r.  The  wiiltT  (associ.iti-d  witli  Mr.  O. 
I".  C!onk)  ha.s  comniencod  tlie  issue  of  a  new  series,  llt'f^alicic  .luieriiaiur,  of 
wliirli  tile  first  two  cli-cadrs  .ire  spcci.'illy  iiitcndcd  for  lii'^inncrs. 


5« 


(>^'A'   NATIVE   FERiWS  AND    'J'lIEIR   ALLIES. 


and  Michiiux.  In  Canadian  Naturalist,  Mar.  1870.  Contains 
interesting  notes  on  species  collected  or  named  by  these  early 
botanists. 

Eaton  (Daniel  C).  New  and  Liitle  Known  Ferns  of  ilu- 
United  States.  In  Torrcy  Hulhiin,  iv,  11,  12  (Mar.  1873),  18.  19 
(May,  1873)  ;  vi,  33  (May.  1875).  71.  72  (Jan.  1876).  263-265  (Oct. 
1878),  306,  307  (Apr.  1879),  360.  361  (Nov.  1879);  VII,  62-64  (June. 
1880);  VIII.  4.  5  (Jan.  i88i),  99,  100  (Sept.  1881);  ix,  49.  50 
(Apr.  1882);  X,  26-29  (^I'lr.  1883).  loi.  102  (Sept.  1S83).  Valu- 
able notes  and  descriptions  of  new  species. 

Ferns   of    North    America.     Illustrated    with    colored 

plates  drawn  by  J.  H.  Emerton  and  C.  E.  Faxon.  This  finely 
executed  work  contains  descriptions  of  the  North  American 
species  miscellaneously  arranjj^ed  ;  it  contains  also  a  systematic 
arranf^emcnt,  with  brief  synoptical  descriptions.  It  was  origin- 
ally published  in  parts,  and  thouijh  somewhat  expensive,  ought 
to  be  in  the  library  of  every  lover  of  the  subject.  The  reputa- 
tion of  its  author  is  a  sufllcient  recommendation. 

Ferns  of  the  Southwest.  In  Wheeler's  Geological  Re- 
ports, vol.  VI.  1877.     Describes  72  species. 

Vascular  Acrogens  of  California.  In  Botany  of  Cali- 
fornia, vol.  II.  1880.  Describes  56  pteridophytes.  including  43 
ferns. 

Gray  (Asa).  On  the  Discovery  of  Two  Species  of  T)  iclio- 
manes  in  the  vState  of  Alabama.  In  Si/Iinian's  Journal,  Second 
Series,  vol.  XV  (1853).     Description  of  7'.  Pctrrsii,  n.  sp. 

KuNZK  (G.).  Notes  on  Some  Ferns  of  the  United  States. 
In  Silliiiian's  Journal,  Second  Series,  vol.  vi  (1848).  Com- 
municated by  (i.  Fngehnann.  Contains  notes  on  several  Amer- 
ican Ferns  and  their  allies,  with   descri  i*ions  of  several  species. 

Williamson  (John).  Ferns  of  Kentucky,  i2mo.  Louis- 
ville, Ky..  1878.  Illustrated  by  the  author  witli  etchings  of  the 
Ferns  of  that  State,  ^o  in  numl)er. 

Fern  Etchings.  I2mn.  Louisville.  Ky.,  1879.  Con- 
taining descriptions  and  etchings  of  the  Ferns  of  Northeastern 
United  States  and  Canada. 

Those  fiesiring  more  extensive  literature  on  the  Ferns  of 
other  countries  shouhl  have  access  to  the  fr)llowing  works  : 

Fkk(F.    L.    a.).      Memoires  sur   lr>    Famille   des    Fougeres. 


THE   I'/-: NX'S   PLACE   IN  NATUKE. 


59 


1. 1 


C'DiiipIete  en  13  parties.     410,  avec  289  [)lanclics.     Strasbourg, 

1844  I «73- 

Fkk  (F.  L.  a.).    Cataloj^uc  dcs  Foiigercs  ct  dos  Lycopodia- 

cccs  du  Mcxicjue.     Strasbourg,  1857. 

Uistoirc  des  Fou,i,a'rcs  ct  dcs  Lycopodiacccs  dcs  An- 
tilles.    Strasbour}^,  1866. 

H()(-)KKR  (VVilliain  Jackson).  Genera  Filicuni.  410.  Lon- 
don, 1842,  Illustrated  by  120  colored  plates,  representing  135 
genera  and  sub-genera. 

Species     Filicum.     5   vols.    8v().     London,    1846-18C4. 

Contains  among  304  jilatcs  nineteen  of  Nortli  American  Ferns. 

IIooKKR  (W.  J.)  and  Haki'.r  (jo.in  Gilbert).  Synopsis 
Filicum.  Second  Edition,  8vo.  London,  1874.  Contains  de- 
scriptions of  all  Ferns  known  at  that  date,  and  is  valuable  for 
till'  determination  of  species  from  beyond  our  limits.  It  lacks 
one  very  essential  feature  of  a  systematic  work,  namely,  a  key 
lo  liie  genera,  and  the  grouping  of  the  species  is  such  as  to 
make  it  often  diiricult  to  identify  them. 

HoDKKR  (W.  J.)  and  Grkvii.i.k  (Kol)ert  Kane).  Iconcs  Fi- 
licum. 2  vols,  folio.  London,  1831.  Containing  240  plates,  of 
wliich  13  represent  North  American  Ferns. 

Spermaphyta. 

The  only  work  attempting  to  describe  all  our  (lowering 
plants  is  incomplete,  covering  only  the  C/amopetala;.  It  stands 
as  a  monument  to  its  author,  the  leader  of  American  Botany 
for  many  years. 

Gray  (Asa).  Synoptical  Flora  of  North  America.  Gamo- 
petaliu.     4to.     New  York,  1886. 

The  following  manuals  will  cover  various  portions  of  our 
country : 

(jRAV  (Asa).  Manual  of  the  Hotany  of  the  Northern  United 
States.     8vo.     New  York.  1868. 

C II A  I'M  AM  (A.  W.).  Flora  of  the  Southern  United  States. 
8vo.     N(;w  York,  1883. 

Coui.ri'.R  (John  M.).  Manual  of  the  Botany  of  the  Rocky 
Mountain  Kegion.     8vo.     New  York,  iSSj. 

Watson  (Sereno).     Botany  of  California.     2  vols.  410.    1880. 


.i 


6o        OUR  NATIVE  FERNS  AND    TIIEJR  ALLIES. 


CHAPTER    IX. 


DISTRIBUTION    IN   TIME  AND   SPACE. 


139.  Geographic  Distribution. — Ferns  are  found  in  all 
parts  of  the  world.  The  number  of  described  species  is  not 
certainly  known,  and  the  uncertainty  is  largely  increased  for 
the  reason  that  our  best  systeniatists  do  not  agree  as  to  what 
ci^nstitutes  a  species.  Baker,  whose  authority  is  generally 
recognized  in  England  and  America,  places  the  estimate  at 
about  3000  species.  Added  to  these  are  565  fern  allies  as  recog- 
nized by  the  same  author. 

From  what  has  been  said  respecting  the  climatic  conditions 
of  fern  growth  we  woukl  naturally  expect  to  find  them  most 
abundant  in  countries  where  warmth  and  moisture  predomi- 
nate. These  conditions  seem  most  completely  met  on  tropical 
islands  or  in  tropical  continental  areas  with  insular  climates. 
The  little  island  of  Mauritius,  having  an  area  of  676  square 
miles,  or  less  than  one  third  the  area  of  Delaware,  has  235  na- 
tive species,  while  |ava.  little  larger  thiin  New  York,  has  460. 
Brazil  furnishes  387,  and  the  Isthmus  of  Panama  117.  Com- 
paring these  with  colder  climates,  we  find  67  in  all  Europe,  and 
only  26  grow  within  the  borders  of  the  arctic  zone. 

"  Our  Native  Ferns,"  as  described  later  in  this  volume,  in- 
cluding those  species  that  are  classed  in  the  order  Fii.icr.s, 
number  156  species.  Adding  to  these  the  11  species  of  the 
order  Opiiioci.o.ssack.k,  wliich  have  frequentl\  been  enumer- 
ated with  the  ferns,  wc  have  a  total  of  167  species.  The  remain- 
ing fern  allies  number  56,  making  a  grand  total  of  223. 

1  40.  Divisions  of  our  Flora.-  It  has  been  foundconven- 
ient  to  divifle  the  surface  of  the  earth  into  faunas  and  lloras, 
limited  by  the  natural  distribution  of  the  various  species  of 
animals  and  plants.  These  limits  arc  by  no  means  sharply 
defined,  for  wherever  the  limit  is  made  some  species  will  pass 


il 


DISTRIBUTION  IN    TIME  AND   SPACE. 


6l 


beyond  it ;  yet  the  majority  found  on  oik;  side  arc  diflcrcnt 
from  the  majority  of  those  on  the  other.  North  America  (cx- 
chidinij  Mcxic(j)  forms  the  Nearctic  reahn  or  fauna  {Re^^nnm 
Nearcticum),  and  the  same  boundaries  may  be  used  in  the  limi- 
tation of  our  fern  flora,  alihoiif;h  some  species  from  tropical 
regions  invade  (nir  borders  in  Florida,  Texts,  and  Arizona. 
Leaving  out  of  question  the  s[)ecics  that  are  widely  disiribuled 
over  the  greater  part  of  our  ccjuntry,  many  of  which  are  cos- 
mopolitan species,  we  may  divide  the  Nearctic  realm  into  \\\q. 
provinces,  each  of  which  possesses  many  species  peculiar  to  itself. 
14  1.    The  provinces*  are  as  follows  : 

I.  HoRKAi, :  inhabiting  (with  a  few  excejnions)  the  northern 
portion  of  the  United  States,  extending  tliroiigli  Canada  and 
British  America,  some  species  even  reaching  Labrador,  Green- 
land, and  Alaska,  and  nearly  all  represented  also  in  the  north- 
ern portions  of  the  Old  World. 

II.  Mkdiai,  :  extending  thnjughout  the  mountain  and  hilly 
region  of  the  States  cast  of  the  Mississippi,  westward  to  the 
mountains,  and  northward  into  Canada,  and  in  a  few  instances 
also  iiduibiting  the  Old  World. 

III.  OcciDKN  I'AI, :  extending  along  tlse  western  border  of 
the  continent  from  Hritish  Coliunbia  to  Californi.i,  in  a  few 
cases  appearing  also  in  the  Kocky  Mountain  regi(jn. 

IV.  Arizoman  :  inhal)iting  the  central  mountain  regions  of 
Western  Texas,  ,-\ri/ona,  and  Colorado,  many  of  the  species  ex- 
tending thence  into  Mexico,  and  some  even  to  South  America. 

V^  Au.siral:  inhabiting  the  border  of  the  Gidf  of  Mexico, 
many  of  the  species  extending  into  the  West  Indies  and  Tropi- 
cal America. 

142.  The  following  lists  will  indicate  the  relations  of  our 
native  species,  though  several  species  exceed  the  bounds  here 
indicated,  and  occur  within  the  borders  of  other  provinces. 

*  This  (livisiun  is  a  sli^jlit  iiKKJification  of  one  proposed  by  John  H.  Red- 
fit.lii  in  1S75.     (/.  Hii/lclin  7'orrt'\  /botanical  C/iih,  vi,  1-7. 


!i 


I 


Ml 


62        OUR  NATIVE  FERNS  AND    THEIR  ALLIES. 


1 


Cheilanlhes  arKfiitea.*     Local. 
Cryptogram  me  acrobtichoidcs. 
Tella'a  Rracilis. 
Asplenium  viri<lc. 
Aspidium  loiicliitis. 

aciilt-atiim,  var,  Hrauiiii. 

oreopU'ris. 

frajjrans. 

filix-mas. 

s|)iinil<>siim. 

Hoottii. 
Cystopteris  moutana. 


BOREAL. 

(Those  marked  ♦  are  known  only  from  Alaska.) 

Wotxlsia  hypcrborca. 
glabella. 


Holrythiiim  lunaria.     Rare  and  local. 

lx;rLalt-.*     Local. 
E<iiii.setum  pralense. 

palu.stre. 

litorale.     Rare. 

varicKatum. 
Lyco;>odium  aniiotiimm. 

alpii\um. 

saljina.'fiiliiim. 
SelaKiiiella  selatjintjides. 


MEDLXL. 


Adiantum  ptvlatum. 
Cheilaiithes  vestita. 
Pell.x-a  atropiirpurea. 
Woodwardia  Virjjinica. 

aiij;u.stifolia. 
Asplenium  pinnatifidum. 

ebenoides. 

el)eneum. 

an^ustifoiium. 

rnta-niuraria. 

montanum. 

Uradleyi. 

thelypteroifles. 
Scolopendrinm   vulj;are.      Rare  and 

local. 
Caniptosorus  rhizoi)hyllus. 
riu'j^opteris  polypodioides. 

liexap)iioptera. 

dryopteris. 
Aspidium  acroslichoides. 

Nfiveboracense. 

thelypteris. 

cristatum. 

var.  Clintonianuni. 

Giildieanum. 

marginale. 


Aspidium  spinulosum,  var.  iiiterme- 
ilium. 

var.  dilatatuni. 
Cystopteris  bulbifera. 
Onoclea  .sensibilis. 

struthiojUeris. 
Woodsia  Ilvensis. 

obtusa. 
Dicksonia  pilosiuscula. 
Lygodium  palmatum.     Rare. 
Sclii/avi  pusilla.     Local. 
Osmunda  recalls. 

Claytoniana. 

cinnamomea. 


Marsilia  quadrifolia.     Local. 
Salvinia  natans.     Local. 
Botrychium  simjjlex. 

matricaria-folium. 

lanceolatum. 
Equisetum  sylvalicuiu. 

limosum. 

scirpoides. 
Lycopodium  selapo. 

lucidulum. 

inundatum. 


II 


I 


teal. 


IL- 


Lum. 


DISTRIBUT/OX  I  A'    TIME  AXD   SPACE. 


63 


Lycopodium  deuclroideuni. 
clavatiirn. 
coinplaiiatiim. 
Sflaj,MiiclIa  apus. 
Isoett's  lacustris. 

'ruckcrmani.      Local, 
echinuspora.  var.  Mraunii. 

var.  robusta.    Local, 
var.  Moottii. 


Isoetes    ecliinospora,    var.    niuricata. 
L(Kal. 
sacrliarata.     Local, 
riparia. 
EiiKflmaiini. 
var.  jjracilis. 
var.  valida. 
melanofXKla, 
Butleri.     Rare. 


OCCIDKNTAL. 

(S|>ecies  markcil  *  are  confined  to  California  ;  those  marked  t  are  found  only  in 

Oregon.) 


Polypodiiim  faicatum. 

Califoriiicinn.* 

Scoiileri. 
Gyiiinoj^rainiiK"  trian^jularis. 
Notholana  Ncwbt-rryi. 

cretacea.* 

tenera. 
Adianliim  cmar^'i'i'it'""- 
I'lcris  aiiuilina,  var.  lami(;inosa. 
Cheilanlhes  Californica.* 

viscida.* 

Coopt'rne.* 

(^racilliiiia. 

I'arishii.* 

fibrillosa.* 

Clevelandii.* 
Pell<Ta  Breweri. 

andromi'da^folia.* 

brachyplera. 

ornithopus.* 

densa. 

Hridjjesii.* 
Loniaria  spicant. 
Wood  ward  ia  radicans. 


I'hofjopteris  alpestris. 
Aspidiuiii  iiiuiiiiuin, 

niohrioides.* 

aculeatum.* 

var.  Californicuni.* 
var.  an^,ndare.* 

Nevadense.* 

ri^;idum,  var.  arj^iitiini. 
Woodsia  scopiilina. 

Oreijana. 


Marsilia  vestita. 
Pilularia  Americana. 
Kquisetiini  telniateia. 

robiistuni. 
Selaj;inella  Ore^Mna. 

I)oujjla.sii. 
Isoetes  pyfjnia'a.* 

Hoianderi. 

Howellii.t 

mida.t 

Nuttallii. 

Suksdorfii.t 


ARIZONIAN. 

(S|)ecics  marked  ♦  are  found  in  our  region  only  in  Arizona;  those  marked  t  are 

Texan.) 


PolyiMxliuni  thysanolcpis.* 
( iynino|;ramnu'  l'.iircnbi'r|;iana. 
\<itliola-na  sinuata. 
ffrrujjinea. 


Nothol.Tna  Parryi. 
AsclH-nborniana.* 
Candida, 
ilookeri. 


ill 


!l 


i 


i 


: 


64        OUR  NATIVE 

FEliNS 

AA'D    THEIR  ALLIES. 

N  ithol.eiia  Grayi.* 

K 

;  ell.i  T  'friufolia  r 

Lem  iioni.* 

V  lij^litiana. 

nivea. 

flfviiDsa. 

Fendleri. 

ii\termL'dia.* 

Adiantum  tricliulepis 

.t 

Asi'l  .  ;',im  monaiUhemum.* 

Clieilanthes  I'linglei 

# 

sejjli  'Urionale 

WriKhlii. 

(ilenniei.* 

leucop(Kla.+ 

Aspidiutn  ju^landifoliimi. 

lendijjeia.* 

patulnm.* 

lanut,'in<)sa. 

WiMulsia  Mexicana. 

tomentosa. 

Aiicimia  Mexicana. + 

Fendleri. 
.                                     myii()j)h>lla. 

Marsilia  niacropoda. 

j                                     Liiuilieimeri. 

uniinala. 

;s'    » 


( 


Fella-a  aspt- ra. 
pulchella. 

A  US' 
(Species  marked  ♦  are  found 
Acrostichiini  aiireiini.* 
I'olypoiiiiun  pluniula.* 

pectinatuni.* 

incaniiin. 

aureuni.* 

pliyllitidis.* 

Swartzii.* 
Ta^nitis  lana-olata.* 
Vitlaria  iineata.* 
Adiantiim  capillns-veneris. 

teneruni.* 
Pteris  lonjjifdlia.* 

serruiata. 

aquilina,  var.  caiidata. 
Clv'ilantlies  mi(r<)i)Iiylla. 

Alabanii'iisis. 
Ceratopleris  thalictroides.* 
Bli'i'liniini  serruiatiini.* 
Aspleniuni  serratuni.* 

parviiiiini. 

donlatuin. 

firinuin. 
Aspleniuni  ci(  utariiim.* 

rhizopiiylium.var.  niyriopliyllum* 
var.  Hiscaynianuni* 
I'hetjopteris  Ictragona.*     Rare. 


veslita,  var.  tenuifolia.t 
Selajjinella  lepidopliyila. 

FRAL. 

in  our  region  only  in  Florida.) 
I'liefjoptcris  re])taT>s.*     Rare. 
Aspidiuni  triloiiatuin.     Ran-. 

contfrininutn,  var.  stri};obmn.* 

paten.s. 

unituni,  v.->..  fjlabriim.* 

F'ioridaiiuni.* 
Nejihroiepis  exaltala.* 

acuta.*     Rare. 
Triclionianes  I'elersii.     L<)cal. 

radicans. 
Ancimia  adiantifolia.* 


Opiiiotjiossum  crotalophoroides. 

luidicaule. 

painiatuiu.* 
F.c|uisotuin  la-vi^jatum. 
Lycop(xliuni   inundatum,  var.   pinna 
tuni.* 

alopt'curoidc's. 

cernuuni.     Rare. 

Cariiiiniannin. 
I'.siiotuni  triquetnim.     Rare. 
Seiaj^inella  I.ucioviiiana.     Rare. 

rui)estris,  var.  tortipiia.     Rare. 
Isoetes  melanospora.     Local. 

flaccida.* 

var.  Chapman!.* 


DISl KlBUTlOiy  Ii\    TIME   AXD   SJ\ICE. 


65 


inna 


rolypodiiim  'ul^jare. 
I'teris  ac|uilina. 
Aspli'iiiiim  iricliomanes. 

filix-fii'inina. 
Cystoplcris  fraj^ilis. 


COSMOPOLITAN  Sl'KClKS. 

Opliio};lossuin  vuljjalum. 
Hotrycliium  VirKinianuni. 

tt-rnatum. 
Kquisi;tuni  arvense. 

hienialf. 
Sclaf^inella  iui)estris. 


A/olla  Caruliniana. 

143.  Local  Lists. — The  minil)cr  of  species  found  in  a  -"  • 
}f|c  locality  is  usually  limited,  yet  'i  certain  fav<jred  locati(jn:j 
there  is  a  marked  diversity.  As  an  instance,  in  one  of  t^hc 
habitats  of  the  rare  hart's-tongue  *  tl'e  writer  has  colic  .it 
twenty-three  species  illustratinji;  eleven  j;enera  within  the  radius 
of  a  thousand  feet.  Such  localities,  however,  are  comparatively 
rare,  and  must  include  widii  diversity  of  soil  and  shade  within 
very  narrow  limits. 

Onondaga  County,  New  York,  possesses  perhaps  as  many 
ferns  as  any  county  in  the  entire  country,  including  41  species. 
32  are  catalogued  from  Essex  County,  Massachusetts,  Several 
State  lists  more  or  less  C()m[)lete  have  been  com{)il(-d,  and  are 
noticed  in  tl  'iterature  below.  Carefully  preparer  lists  from 
all  the  States  and  Territories  would  be  a  valuable  addition 
to  our  knowledi^e  of  geographic  distribution. 

144.  Ceolofiric  Distribution. — It  is  well  known  that  the 
plants  and  animals  now  existing  on  the  earth  are  not  the  same 
in  kind  as  those  of  former  ages.  Geologists  have  carefully 
studied  the  stony  heart  of  nature,  and  have  drawn  therefrom 
the  story  of  the  development  of  land  and  sea,  and  the  succes- 
sive populations  tiiat  from  time  to  time  have  held  possession 
of  our  globe.  Plants  furnishing  the  natural  food  for  animals 
must  have  preceded  animal  life,  yet  in  the  earliest  geologic 
ages  the  remains  of  animals  are  far  more  numerous.  The 
abundance  of  the  deposits  of  graphite  and  iron-ore  in  the  earli- 
est or  Arch.x'an  rocks  indicates  the  existence  of  extensive  plant 
growth,  but  the  remains  are  so  transformed  as  to  make  it  im- 
possible to  determine  the  character  of  this  primeval  vegetation. 

145.  In  the  succeeditig  Silurian  age  the  fossil  remains  in- 
dicate the  existence  of  algre  or  sea-weeds  in  abundance,  and  a 

*  "  Green  I'ond,"  one  mile  east  of  Janiesvillc,  Onondaga  County,  New 
York. 


! 


! 


ii 


I  ,i 


f 


:=( 


66       OUK  NATIVE   lEKNS  AND    THEIR  ALLIES. 

sinji[le  sniiill  species  of  j^rountl  pine  attests  the  existence  of  some 
of  the  lii^hcr  Cryptoinuniia ;  no  ferns,  however,  have  Ixcii 
found  in  America  older  than  tiie  Devonian.  Over  lifiy  species 
of  Devonian  ferns  have  i)een  described  from  the  American 
rocks  chiefly,  by  Principal  j.  W.  D.iwson  of  Montreal. 

1  46.  It  is  in  the  coal  measures,  however,  that  ferns  and 
other  Cry/>/oi;ainu  are  found  in  the  greatest  abuntlance  aiui 
profusii)!!.  Then  delicate  foliaj^e  is  impressed  on  the  various 
rock  strata  al)ove  the  beds  oi  coal,  and  so  perfectly  are  ihcy 
preserved  that  noi  only  the  methods  of  fiiictilication  but  even 
the  microscopic  spores  have  been  detected  I  In  the  coal  meas- 
ures of  the  United  States  and  Canada  (counting  from  the  base 
of  the  Catskill),  3S1  species  of  ferns  have  been  described, 
chiefly  by  Prof.  Leo  Lcsquereu.x.  The  most  abundant  Ameri- 
c.in  genera  are  Neitroptt'tis  45  species,  I\rof>tt>ix  50  species, 
Spht'iiofitcris  31  species,  l\iiudopi\optt')is  25  species,  and  Rhii- 
cofihylluin  24  species. 

The  frontispiece  gives  an  ideal  representation  of  the  vegeta 
tion  of  the  Carboniferous  age.  The  lu.xuriant  tree-ferns,  the 
Lfpidodvudrids,  ancient  representatives  of  the  diminutive  clid)- 
mosses  or  grouudpines,  the  I'ti/^uni/cs,  allies  of  the  modern 
scouring-rushes,  and  other  forms  no  less  w<jnderful  ;'re  seen  in 
their  |)rofusion. 

147.  In  the  later  geologic  ages,  Meso/oic  and  Tertiarv, 
ferns  are  found  preserved  in  the  rocks,  with  the  leaves  of  many 
trees  and  shrubs  of  existing  genera.  The  indications  are  that 
ferns  formed  a  far  smaller  part  of  the  vegetation  of  these  later 
ages  tlian  in  tin;  preceding  Carboniferous,  and  even  ap|)roxi- 
mated  to  that  of  the  presiMit.  Six  Cretaceous  and  twenty-four 
Tertiary  species  have  been  catalogued,*  including  species  in 
the  existing  genera  Lvi^oiiium,  P/vri's,  IVoiuHudrdia,  Aspidhim, 
Gynntoi^rammc,  etc.,  as  well  as  some  related  to  genera  abujidant 
in  earlier  formations.  No  living  s|)ecies  is  found  fossil,  unless 
Dr.  Newberry's  variety  of  Onoclia  snisihi/ts  becomes  estab- 
lished.t      In  the  course  of  gcohjgic   history,  however,  we  can 

♦  Tenth  report,  Haydcii  Geological  Survey  of  the  Territories.  Washinj;- 
ton,  1S78. 

+  Prof.  I.esqiicreux  writes  me:  "  Thoujjh  analoji^ous  by  the  nervation,  1 
doubt  the  identity  on  account  of  the  coriaceous  character  of  ihat  fos>-il  frin. 


DISTKIHUTION  IN    TIME  AXD   SPACK. 


67 


tr.irc  a  j^rarlual  approximation  to  the  modern  types   from  the 
generali/ed  forms  of  Devonian  ami  Carboniferous  times. 

I  48.  Fern  Allies. — Ophioglossunt  dales  back  to  the  Ter- 
tiary period  with  one  species.  The  order  Ec^UISktack.k  Iiave 
existed  since  the  coal  period  and  the  jjjenns  /ujiu'situm  since  the 
Triassic.  The  order  Calamariack.i-:,  which  combined  charac- 
ters of  mode' 11  Ei/tt/sifii  and  Conifers,  came  into  existence  in  the 
F)('Vonian,  but  became  extinct  before  the  close  of  the  FVrmian. 
Illustrations  of  Cahni:/is  can  be  seen  at  tli  :  left-hand  corner  of 
the  frontispiece,  also  under  the  tree-fern  in  the  centre.  The 
club-mosses  proper  have  been  in  existence  since  the  Devonian, 
and  the  genus  lA'co/xuinini  since  the  Carlxjniferous.  Sc/iii;ini'/la 
has  never  been  found  fossil,  l)ut  its  near  relatives  belonniii<;  to 
the  extinct  orders  Lki'IDodknduaci;.!;  and  Si(;i!,i,AkiA(  K.K 
were  very  abundant  m  the  I'al;eo/oic  era,  paiiicularly  during 
the  Carboniferous,  where  they  formed  tlu;  largest  part  of  the 
forest  vegetation,  reaching  in  some  instances  a  height  of  sev- 
enty to  one  iiundred  feet.  The  former  possessed  characters 
(omiecting  modern  clui)-mf)sscs  with  Conifers,  while  tin.'  latter 
seem  to  connect  the  club-mosses  with  the  Cycads.  Restora- 
tions of  lA-ftiiiodi'iuiyon  niav  be  seen  on  tiie  left-hand  side  of  the 
frontispiece,  and  of  Sii^illaria  on  the  rigiit.  Isorfts  dates  hack 
to  the  Miocene  (Tertiary)  and  Miirsi/t\i  and  PiluLiria  to  the 
same  period. 

LITERATURE, 

Besides  the  works  referred  to  below,  many  State  floras  will 
give  additional  information  respecting  local  distribution. 
.Among  the  more  important  of  these  are  those  of  New  Jersey 
{liritton),  Ohio  (lu'ardsh'e).  North  Carolina  iCiirt/ss),  Wiscon- 
sin {Lapham),  Vermont  (Perkins),  New  Hampshire  {Flint), 
Pacific  Coast  (I.iinmon),  Illinois  (Piit/irson),  New  York  (Porrty), 
Michigan  (  W/hi/t-r  and  Sniit/i).  Indiana  (Coulter  and  Parncs), 
Iowa  (Arthur),  Minnesota  (Upham),  Missouri  ( 'Pracy). 

HuRC.K.ss  (T.  W.  J.),  Recent  Additions  to  Canadian  Filici- 
neae.     In   Pransactions  Royal  Society  of  Canada  (i886). 

wliicli  I  have  not  seen  in  any  vas'ety  «)f  O.  ensibilis  now  liviiip."  F'rincipal 
Dawsitn,  howevtr,  writes:  "  The  Onoclea  sensihilis  f)f  the  Laraniie  is  truly 
tli.it  species,  and  1  have  fmnul  with  it  in  our  .Manitoba  formations  another 
nuKJerii  fern,  Davallia  teiim/olia." 


I 


m 


I 


\ ; ; 

*  ;  i 


;  t 


68        OUR  NATIVE  FEKS'S  AM)    TIIEIK  ALLIES. 

nAVi;Ni'(>kl'  (Georpc  E.).  CataI()f,Mic  of  the  "Davenport 
HiThiiriuin"  of  North  American  Ferns.  Saletn  (1^79).  Sii|)- 
plenienl  (1883). 

Some  Comparative  Tables  sliowinj^  the  Distribution  of 

Ferns  in  the  United  States  of  North  America.  In  J^rotea/in^s 
.h/trr/tan  r It ilosophiial  Society,  1883,  605-612. 

Macoun  (John)  and  Hukc.Ks.s  (T.  VV.  J.).  Canadian  Filici- 
nCcC.     In   Transactions  l\oyal  Society  of  L'anaiia  (1884). 

Kkdmki.I)  (joiin  II. J.  Geographical  Distribution  of  the 
Ferns  of  North  America.     In  Torrcy  Hullctin,  vi.  1-7  (1875). 

Minor  notes  on  distribution  will  also  be  found  in  the  follow- 
ing journals  ; 

liotanical  Giiafttc,  I.  ll,  22.  27;  11.  55.  62  ;  III.  82;  IV.  128. 
•39.  '77.  232;  V.  15.  39;  VI,  195,  220.  248;  VII.  76,96,  160;  X, 
370;  XII,  63,  67.  181  ;  XII.  1 17 

Torrcy  liullctin,  ii,  24,  28;  III,  2,  33;  iv,  2,  17.  42;  v,  38,  39; 
VI.  8,  175.  177.  199.  206,  221,  234.  291,  345,  347  ;  VII.  16,  80,  89.  94. 
96.  118;  VIM,  47.  93,  105.  127.  144;  IX.  55,  71.  128;  X,  32.40;  XI, 
7,  67;  XIV,  97,  149. 

Other  notes  .still  will  be  found  in  Mr.  Davenp<  ■  t's  series  of 
"  Fern  Notes"  and  Prof.  Eaton's  series  of  "  New  and  Rare  Ferns 
of  the  United  States,"  together  with  much  of  the  remaining 
descriptive  literature  noted  in  Chapter  VIII.  on  the  Ferns  and 
their  allies.  The  literature  on  fossil  ferns  is  very  extensive.  A 
valuable  work  on  the  coal  flora  will  be  found  in  the  Reports 
P  and  PF  of  the  Second  Geological  Survey  of  Pennsylvania. 


CHAPTER    X. 
METHODS    OF   STUDY. 

The  jjrcat  benefit  which  a  srientific  educatir)n  bestows,  whether  as  training 
or  as  kiK)wled(je,  is  dependent   upon  the  extent    to  which  tlie  student  .  .  . 
.learns  the  h:il)it  of  .ippealing  directly  to  Nature. — Hlxl.KV. 

149.  Determination  of  Species. — The  first  thing  to  learn 
about  a  plant  or  animal  is  not  its  name,  but  its  structural 
characteristics,  knowing  which  the  name  can  be  readily  deter- 


MF.rnons  of  study. 


69 


niiiitd.  Ilaviii};  pKJvidod  oursrlvcs  with  a  strong  Iciis,  two  or 
more  iitcdk'S  mounted  in  wooden  handles  for  disseciinjf  pur- 
poses, and  a  few  well-fruited  ferns  taken  with  the  roots,  we  are 
pnpared  to  commence  our  study.  In  investif;atinj;  any  plant 
we  should  be  systematic  and  accurate  in  our  observations,  and 
no  subject  will  develop  order  and  accuracy  of  description  or 
enlarge  our  powers  (if  observation  as  will  the  subject  of  botany 
rij^idly  [)ursued.  In  order  to  fix  the  characters  of  the  fern  in 
question,  it  is  well  to  note  them  dc)wn  in  some  systematic  order, 
and  the  preparation  f)f  blanks  like  the  followinjjj  is  suj^j^ested 
for  the  purpose : 


Synoptiiiii i/iaracters  of 


ROOT. 


ROOTSTOCK. 


STIPK. 


FROND. 


VKINS. 


SORI. 


SPORANC.IA. 


SPOkKS. 


The  characters  thus  commence  with  the  lowest  parts  and 
continually  advance  upwards  to  completion. 

1  50.  Taking  now  a  common  fern,  we  will  notice  its  charac- 
teristics. Suppose  it  to  be  the  one  commonly  called  "  Maiden- 
hair" in  the  Northern  States.  We  take  the  parts  in  order  and 
give  them  a  searching  examination  :  the  character  of  the  root; 
the  direction  of  growth,  position  and  appearance  of  the  root- 
stock  ;  the  appearance,  color,  and    method    of   growth    of  the 


11 


il 


ft) 


■>» 


70 


(36^A'   NATIVE  FEKS'S  AND    TllRlR  ALLIES, 


stipe;  the  metlKjd  of  cutting  of  tlu:  frond  and  the  charactir  ot 
its  surface;  the  nietliod  of  veinini;;  the  position  of  the  fruit 
rlusters  on  the  fronfi  and  \eins.  and  I  lie  peculiar  form  of  tin- 
indusiiini,  if  present.  Tiie  sporanj^ia  and  spores  are  JHst 
studied  with  a  microscope,  yet  the  siiape  of  the  sporangia  and 
the  character  of  the  rinjj;  can  be  determincfi  with  a  stronj^f  lens. 
15  1.  Tile  cliaracters  of  tlie  Maidenhair  can  be  summet!  ui> 
as  follows : 


Synoptiitil  characters  of 

AUIANTUM    I'l.DAir.M    L. 


ROOT, 


ROOTSTOCK. 


siii'i:. 


Many  delicate  fibres,  somcwliut  matted. 


Scaly,  lomewliat  creepinif- 


FRONI). 


VKIN.S, 


.SOKI. 


Sl'ORANdlA. 


SI'ORF.S. 


Sf|iar.ilc,    sU-r'.tlir,   polislicd.    1)1. uk.    furkeil    at 
fnmil,  formiiif,'  tw<i  ri'cuiviil  rai:liis»'r>. 


h.ise    of 


Roundish    in   oiiilinf,   formcil   of  several  ()inn«',   which   | 
branih  from  thf  recurved  rachises;  pinnule-,  unerjual  sidrd. 
ol>lcin^' or  deltoid  ;  uppei  margins  irre^'darly  luhed  ;  s.ir 
faces  smootl). 

I'Vee,  several  times  forked. 

Home  at  tin;  end  ol  the  veins  on  tlir  unilci  siili-  (.1  the  r»'-  I 
flexed  marf{inHof  (he  h)l>es,  which  form  somewhat  kidney  | 
shaped  nienihianous  indusla. 

Globose,  with  a  nearly  complete  vcriiial  rinj;. 


Minute,  of  one  kind. 


1  52,  We  are  now  prepared  to  determine  llie  spec  ilic  name, 
and  for  iliis  purpose  will  luni  to  the  "  Au  riiu  i  Ai.  .SvNoi'sis  «>i 
Okdkk.s"  (p.  75),  where  we  read  the  statements  under  .A.  with 
the  first  of  which  our  plant  a^rires  ;  then  to  li  as  direcle*'.  wln-ie 
we  find  it  aj^^recs  with  the  third  statenu  nt;  then  to  ('.  where  wc 
determine  the  Order  to  whicii  our  plant  belongs.  After  having 
fletermined  the  j)laiii  to  be  a  meml)er  of  the  order  Fll.lcK.s,  we 
proceefl  to  tlii;  "Akiiik  iai.  .Svnoi'sis  ok  (iKNi;i<\"  (p.  82). 
Keading  the  two  statements  under  A  we  iind  wiw  plant  agrees 
with  the  first,  bearing  the  sporangia  at  the  m.-iri^in  of  a  leafy 
froiui,  so  we  proceed  to  l{  as  indicaicd  ;;l   tlie  right-h;tn<l  mar- 


m 


METllOns   01'    SJLDY. 


7' 


ilit 


LMii.     Tlu'fc  beinj(  an  indusiiim  presfiit.  wo  arc  dircclcd  to  C. 
wlicrc   \vc   liiui    fovtr   staiciueiiis.     Our   fcrti   aj,'rfcs   with    the 
sc(()ihI,  as  the  iixhisiuin  is  formed  <>f  a  rellexed  ixiriioii  oi  the 
frond.     Passinj;  to  I)  we  find  it  agreeiiij^  wiilj  the  lirst  state- 
ment.    I'assinj;  to  K.  the  statement,  "  Sporangia  at  the  ends  of 
tin-  veins,   borne  on    a   reflexed    j)ortion  of  the  margin  of  liie 
frond."  answers  (jiir  purpose,  and  tlie  marginal  reference  indi- 
c.iles  tin-  genus  .Idiixitliini.      I'nder  this  genus  (p.  S^)   we   fuid 
two  sl.itements  desigualcd  by  ^,  and  ,^„ ;  ihe  latter  referring  to 
the  "  (hchotomously  forked  "'  fronds,  answers  our  purpose,  and 
we  lind   our   fern  to   l>e   number    3,  Ailuinlum  pi.i.Uuin  I,.,  the 
scienlilic  name  of  tlie  Maidetdiair,  wliicb  we  can  now  phici-   in 
our  description.     Were  we  in   Florida  or  any  of  the  Southern 
States,  instead  of  .\.  fHuiatuin  we  woidd   probably   have  found 
the  Venus'  Hair  (./.  nipillus-t'cnfrt's),  or  in  California  the  C'ali- 
fornian   Maideidiair  (./.  ,ina>\i^inatHin),  either  of  which   would 
agree  with  the  common  l!]astern  species  in  all  nspects  save  tlic 
method  of  blanching  of  the  frond  and  the  shape  of  the  pinnules, 
in  like  manner  we  can  trace  any  of  jur  native  s|K'cies  to  their 
scienlinc  names,  by  carefully  nolinj    ;heir  structure  and  melhofls 
of  fruiting. 

153.  in  a  few  ferns  it  will  be  lu-cessary  to  exercise  great 
care  in  the  examination  of  the  indusia.  In  the  genera  Cystop- 
/<ris,  /)/i/:<it»iia,  and  H'oiu/sui.  and  in  a  few  species  of  Aspidium^ 
the  indusia  wither  away  after  fruiting,  so  that  one  is  likely  to 
classify  them  under  the  iioii-indusi.ite  gener.i  if  he  carelessly 
<x.imines  them  in  this  corulitiotj.  1 11  such  cases  a  la.rge  number 
of  .sori  should  be  carefully  examined,  and  the  least  trace  of  an  in- 
dusium  shoulfl  be  noted.  Five  sixths  of  our  genera,  includittg 
four-lift hs  of  (jur  species,  are  indusiate. 

154.  Fern  Allies.-  Irj  determining  the  species  of  the  fern 
;illi('s  the  method  of  proci-dure  is  (juite  similar  t.;  that  indic:ated 
.'hove  for  the  Maideidiair,  in  each  case  referring  tin-  |)lant  to  its 
pro|)er  order.  The  specinu-ns  must  be  in  fruit,  and  in  the  case- 
i\{  Equhcimn  must  inciiidc  both  sterile  and  fertile  shoots.  As 
tlu'  sj)ccies  of  Isot'ft's  <liffer  maiidv  in  the  size,  character,  and 
markings  of  tlie  spores,  they  will  re(|uirc  a  microscope  with 
micronu'ters  for  succosful  determination,  though  some  can  be 
ideiilifieii  with  a  lens  it  the  life  habits  arc  aiso  knowi.. 


i    : 


7^ 


OUJ<  NATIVE   l-ERNS  AX  J)    Til  El  K  ALLIES. 


!   !i 


I  55.  Histology.  -Wc  have  now  gained  a  slight  kiiowlidj^c 
of  the  more  apparent  cliaraclers  of  I  lie  fern  as  viewed  frum 
without,  and  have  been  formally  introduced  to  the  species  in 
hand  by  name.  Willi  some  the  study  nuj.jlit  .seem  to  be  at  an 
end.  but  in  fact  it  has  only  fairly  l)cj,'un.  The  minute  structure, 
the  development  and  the  life-history  of  our  fern,  is  yet  unknown, 
leaving;  the  most  im|)ortant  features  yet  to  l)e  asccrtainc'l. 
Classification  as  it  nf)w  exists  is  only  a  lempoiary  arran>,,'cnu  iit. 
for  the  true  relations  of  our  species  can  nevi-r  be  fully  diler- 
mined  until  their  minute  anatomy  and  lile-hislories  have  been 
thoroughly  studied  and  compared.  The  minul«;  anatomy  has 
been  carefully  studii-d  in  only  a  few  of  our  native  ferns, and  fewer 
still  have  been  watched  throu^di  the  phases  of  their  life-history. 
I.,ess  still  is  known  of  the  s[)ecies  of  fern  allies.  There  is  no 
fear  of  exhausting  the  subject,  and  even  amateur  botanists  with 
the  most  limited  facilities  can  do  someihiu}^  in  orij,Miial  inves- 
li^Mtion. 

I  56.  Guides  to  Study.  —It  is  impossible  within  the  limits 
of  a  manual  of  this  character  to  do  nujre  than  su.y^est  ^'uides 
for  study,  yet  no  tjuide  can  l)e  followed  blindly  to  the  exclusion 
of  native  common-sense.  For  the  study  of  anatomy  the  works 
already  menti(>ned  under  Chapter  V.  will  serve  for  referem f, 
while  the  following  laboratory  guides,  each  containing  an  out- 
line for  the  study  of  a  single  fern,  will  be  found  necessary  : 

AKrnrR(j.  C),  Harnks(C.  K.jandCoiri.rKk  (j.  M.).  Hand- 
book of  Plant  Dissection.  New  York  (i886).  (Henry  Holt  .'x 
Co.).     For  Adiiifituin  futintmn. 

RoWKK  (F.  ().)and  V'lNKS  (.S.  H.).  A  Course  of  Practical  In- 
struction in  Motany,  Part  I.  London  ( 18.S5).  (Nlacmdlan  tS:  Co.) 
For  Aapidium  fih'x-mas  and  fern  a'lies. 

Skimavick  (W.  T.)  and  WiL.snN  <  K.  H.).  (ieneral  liiology. 
Part  I.  New  York  (1886).  (Henry  Holt  it  Co.).  For  Ptais 
itt/itifina. 

1  57.  For  the  study  of  life-histories  the  recent  paper  by  Dr. 
Campbell  on  Ihitu/rn  stru//iio/>frris  can  well  serve  as  a  mo(U-I. 
{if.  Literature  under  Chapter  VL)  The  study  of  fern  structure 
and  fern  development  will  grow  in  interest  at  every  step,  and 
will  result  in  contributions  of  value  to  tlw  knowle<lir«'  of  our 


native 


fern 


s  and  tiiei 


rail 


les. 


OUR    NATIVE    PTERIDOPHYTA 


!(• 


1 

I 


'  '5 
1 


i 


I  love  not  man  the  Ii-ss,  hut  Nature  lumc, 

I'rnm  llic^f  our  iiitci views,  in  wliiili  I  sle.il 

l''r()ni  all  I  in.iy  l>e,  <ir  li.ixe  lieen  hefoie, 

To  niiiifjlc  willi  the  I'nivrrse,   ind  feel 

What  I  t.m  ne'er  ixpress,  yet  <annot  all  conceal. 


— ItVKuN. 


;;s 


PTERIDOPHYTA  Cohn. 


>N, 


Vascular  acrofrcus  containinj^  woody  tissm  in  tlip  stems. 
Amlicriiliaor  ardu-'j^'oiiia  or  l)otli  forim-d  on  a  protliallus  which 
is  (li'Vt'lo|H'«l  from  th(?  spore  on  ^criniiiaiion.  and  upon  wliicli 
llic  asrxiial  plant  is  profhiccd.  Iiuhidcs  c-i^lit  living  and  iIutl- 
(!,xtiiu:t  orders,  all  repn-siMiicd  in  North  America. 

artiF'K;ial  svnoi'sis  oi-  okdkrs. 

.       \  Isosporons.  /./'..  sjjorcs  of  our  kind B 

'  I Ictorospr)roiis, /.*■..  spores  of  two  kinds D 

I  riant  rush-like.     .     .     .  On/rr  V.     Kcjuisktack.k.  p.  f32 

B       I  Plant  nioss-liko.    .     .    On/rr  V\.     I.Vcoi'oiHAcr.v..  p.  135 

I  INant  fern-like C 

Vernation  erect  or  inclined  ;  sporanj,Ma  not  rc'tirul.ito, 
in  spikes  or  panii  les,  openintj  hy  a   transvers«*  slit. 

^>;v/.7' IV.     Opiiior.r.ossACK.T:.  p.  128 
Vernation   circin;i!<';    sporan^jia    reticulate,  provided 
with  .1  rinif.  usually  home  on  the  hack  or  in;irnin  of 
a  frond  sonuuiines  in  spikes  or  panicles. 

(hJrr  I.      Fillers,  p.     7S 

[  Terrestrial,  moss-like  plants. 

I                                            ()r,/,r  VII'.      SKI.AC.I\F,I.I,Arr..'R,  i  I>0 

I  A<piatic,  rootinj.;  in  nuul E 

I  A(piatic,  lluaiiu};,      .     .  f '/,/,•,•■  1  jl      Sa'.viniack.I':.  •>  127 

I  Leaves  awl-shaped,  tubular,  containing  the  si>orangia 
I       in  their  a.xils,     .     .     .    ^)/v/,;   VIII.     IsoKTACF.il''.,  p    142 
I  Leaves  cjuadrifoliale  or  lilifonu  ;  -sporangia  enclosed 
in  sporocarps  horiu'  on  separate  pcdutules,    . 

()r(,'>r  II.     M  \K>il,lA<l"..V.,  p.      ■; 


D 


[ 


ORDER  L     FILICKS  Juss. 


I'lant  bodv  ronsi'^ting  of  fronds  usually  raised  <m  stipes  ris- 
ing from  a  prostrate,  ascending,  or  erect  rootstock.  circinate  iri 
vernation.     Sporangia  modil'ie<!  trichonies  of  the  leaves,  reticu- 


i! 


i  ' 


i 


i; 


i 


:!lt 


^    \U 


1  i 


7^> 


OUK  XATIVE   PTEKlDorilYTA. 


lalt",  <)iu'-c<-IIl'(I,  eiifiiiMcd  by  a  more  or  less  roiujiU'tc,  jointed 
clastic  liiij;.  lollcctcd  in  i  lusters  of  various  forms  on  llii- undi-r 
surface  of  the  frond,  with  or  without  an  indu^inin  or  covering; 


or  panicled,  or  spiked  and  naked;  or  home  on  nceptacIeK  of 
various  kinds.  Sjiores  of  various  forms,  luinutc  I'rothalliuni 
above  j^round,  ^reen,  inon(Ccious  c  dio'cious.  Contains  six 
well-marked  sub-«)rdi"rs.  four  of  wliu  h  are  repitsenled  with  us. 
Genera,  seventy,*  of  which  we  have  reprisentatives  of  lliiity. 

SUB-ORDER  I.    POLYPODIACE/E    Presl. 

Sporanj;ia  pcdicelled,  surrounded  niore  or  less  ( ompletely  by 
a  jv)inted,  vertical,  and  elastic  rinj;.  bursting  transvi-rsely.  Sori 
dorsal  or  marginal,  borne  on  a  leafy  frond,  with  or  without 
indusia. 

TKiitr.  I.  ACROSTICHE.lv  Sporanj^da  spread  in  a  stra- 
tum over  thtr  under  surfac*'.  oi  rarily  over  both  surfaces  of  the 
frond.      Indusia  w.intin^. 

I.  Acrostichum  L.  Sori  coverinj;  the  entire  surface  of 
the  n|)|)er  pinmr. 

Tkiiik  II.  POLYPf^DIIi/l''  Sori  dorsal,  bonu- at  or  near 
tlie  ends  of  the  veinlets.  without  indusia. 

II.  Polypodiuir*    l-      Possts^ini;  (  haracters  of  the  tribe. 
Tkiiik    III.       (iK.AMMrril  )i:J':.      .Sori    dorsal,    vaiiously 

arisiuLf  from  tlie  viins.  usually  linear,      Indusia  wanting. 

III.  Gymnonramme  Desv.  Sori  oblong;  or  linear,  loilow- 
inj(  the  course  of  the  \-einIets. 

IV.  Nothoi.TBna  K,  W\\  Sori  on  the  veiits  or  nj'ar  their 
extremities,  roundish  or  obloni;,  soon  (<inlhunt  into  a  narrow 
marginal  l>and. 

V.  TiTinltla  Sw/.     Sori  linear,  central,  or  siibmar^inal. 
Tkiiii",  IV.     Vrrr.XKII'M''.     Spor.mj^d.i  borne  in  a  (ontinu- 

oiis  inarj^inal  or  intra-marj^inal  furrow. 

VI.  Vittaria  Sm       l'ron<ls  sim|)l<',  linear,  prass-like. 
Tkiiik  V       PTMRIDIMv     Sori  mai>,;in.d  or  intia-njar^inal. 

provided  with  an  indusium  foniu-d  of  the  r(  lle.xcd  marj^in  of 
tin*  frond,  and  opening  inwar<lly. 

*  This  iitiin'ri  is  l».»sf(|  on  I  iiiukri's  <  l.issilie  atioii.  1  )iliii  aiiiliois,  n.irrow- 
'\\\^  tlir  limits  iif  ^jfiuTic  (hararti'is,  ifiii^'nizf  .1  j;ri',itiT  iiiimlM-r.  Smith,  for 
exampli',  jiiililishcs  33t>  ;uui  IVfl  jv,  ^'l  dir  lrmltiM\  aniiiii^;  most  Ixilanibts 
is  to  tfstiit  t  (tu-  iuiiiiImt. 


/'7/./c/:s. 


77 


♦  S/ioP(Vii^iti  (tor Hi'  on  a  rejlixcd  portion  of  the  mat}:; in  of  the 
frond. 

VII.  Adiantum  I-.  Sori  usually  mnnrnms  and  distinct. 
Midril)  of  llir  |)iiuiulrs  nrar  liic  lower  margin  or  waiilinjj;. 


♦  •■  Si 


(h 


on/ /I 


-liki 


tptiuie  which 


inuoiis  7' 
tonnctts  the  it/>iiis  of  the  Teins. 

\'Ili.  Pteris  !^.  Sori  continuous.  Indusiuni  drlicatr, 
whiiisli.     Mi(lril)S  of  |)innulcs  central. 

*■*'*  S/toroni^/ii  nt  or  neor  the  eniis  of  uneonneeted  7>eins,  borne 
on  the  under  siofiU  e  of  the  frond. 

IX.  Choilanthes  Swz.  Sori  niinulc.  at  the  ends  of  the 
veins.     Indusiuni  continuous  or  interi  upted. 

X.  CryptOBramme    U.    Hr.     S|>oranj.;ia    on    tiic   Inu  k   or 
n«'ar  the  ends  of  tlic\cins  forininj^'  oblong'  or   roundi.  !<    ^juri, 
which  are  at   leni,'th  conlluenl    and   cover  the  back  of  the  pin 
null's.      Sterile  and  fertde  tnmds  uidike.  smooth. 

XI.  Pollma  Link.  .Sori  on  the  u|)per  part  of  the  veins, 
distin(t,  or  mostly  forming  a  m.iri^inal  band  of  sporanj^iu. 
Sterile  and  fertile  fronds  usually  simdar.  smooth. 

Tkiiu  VI.  CKU.ATOI'l  KKIDK.i:.  Sori  on  two  or  three 
lniij;iiudin.ii  veins  wiii(  h  an'  ne.irlv  par.illel  with  the  ed^e  of  the 
frond.      I  I.d)its  aqu.it  i(. 

XII.  CeratupteriB  Ilron^.  The  oidy  ^cnus  ;  having  the 
characters  of  the  tribe. 

TuiMK  VU.  HI.KCIINI''./K.  Sori  dorsal,  linear  or  oblong', 
borne  on  transverse  veins,  par.il'el  to  the  midrib.  Indusiuni 
li.xed  .It  its  outer  marf^in.  opening  at  the  inner. 

*  /  'eins  free. 

XIII.  Lomaria  Willd.  Sori  in  a  continuous  l)and  ne.xt 
the  midiil).  liidusium  elongate,  formed  of  the  recurved  and 
altered  ntar^in  of  the  piniuc,  or  else  sub-marginal.  Fronds  of 
two  sorts,  elon^Mte.  pinnate. 

XIV.  Blechnum  I-.  Sori  liiu'ar,  elon^'te,  continuous 
near  the  midrib.     Indusium  continuous.     Fronds  pinnate. 

**   /  'eins  more  or  /e<is  retieuiate. 

XV.  Woodwardia  Sm.  Soi  i  lineai  or  «»f)lonj^,  forminj^ 
chain-like  rows.      Indusia  sep.irate. 

'J'KiHK  VIII.     ASPLKNIK/K.     Sori  florsal.  linear  or  oblong', 


!  i' 


i\ 


\\ 


78 


OUR  NATIVE   FERNS  AND    THEIR   ALLIES 


ii:  M 


()bli<jiif  to  tlu-  midrib,  or  rart-lv  sub-para!lol  wiih  it.  Iiuliisimn 
lixc«l  by  oia-  nuirj^iii  to  tlic  vcink-i,  opcmiig  ai  ihc  other,  soiiic- 
tiincs  double. 

*  V etna  free. 

XVI.  Asplenium  L.  Sori  on  the  u[)per  side  of  a  fertile 
veinlet.  rarely  on  Lotli  sides. 

XV' II.  Scolopendrium  Sin.  Sori  linear,  confluent  in 
pairs,  which  appear  like  a  single  S(jrus  with  the  double  indusiuiii 
openiu).;  in  the  middle. 

**  Veins  reticulate. 

XVIII.  Camptosoru8  Link.  Sori  oblonj.?  or  linear. 
I;  ne  partly  on  veins  p.irallel  to  the  midrib,  partly  oti  veins 
obliijue  to  the  midrib. 

Tkiiik  IX.  .ASPlDlK/li.  Sori  df)rsal,  round  or  roundish, 
on  the  back  or  rarely  on  the  apex  of  a  vein.  Indusium  usually 
membranous,     irely  wanting. 

*  Wit /tout  i lid  us  ill. 

XIX.  Phegopteris  Fee.  Sori  round,  rather  small,  borne 
on  the  back  of  the  free  veins. 

**  IVit/i  indiisiii. 
t  liuiusia  superior. 

XX.  Aspldium  Swz.  Indusium  orbicular  and  h.xcd  bv 
the  centre,  or  reniform  and  hxed  by  the  sinus,  opening  all 
round  the  margin.     Sori  mostly  on  the  back  of  the  veins. 

XXI.  Nephrolopls  Schott.      Indusium  reniform.  fixed 
the  sinus  or  at  the  arcuate  base,  opening  ttnvard  the  margin  ol 
the  frond.     Sori  at  the  end  of  free  veins. 

tt  Ini/usiii  Jixeti  f>v  a  broad  base  partly  under  the  sorus. 

XXII.  Cystopteris  Mernh.  Indusium  convex,  usually 
reilexed  as  the  sj)orangia  ripen.     Texture  delicate. 

ttt  Indusia  obscure.  Jurtile  frond  much  contracted,  Tcry  un- 
like the  sterile. 

XXIII.  Onoclea  L.  Sori  dorsal  on  the  veins  of  the  con- 
tracted pinna;,  concealed  by  ♦heir  revolitc  margins. 

tttt  Indusia  inferior. 


III! 


FiriCES. 


79 


l)V 


XXIV.  Woodsia  X.  \^r.  Indiisium  nniiidisli  or  sicllaie, 
delicate,  cU.fl  iiiio  inimilar  lobes. 

Tkihf.  X.  DlCKSONIlwli.  Sori  roundish  or  transversely 
elongate,  borne  at  the  ends  of  the  veins  or  on  tnar^^inal  cross- 
veinlets,  with  an  iiuhisiiiin  attached  at  the  base  or  busc  and 
sides  and  openinj,'  toward  tlif  niarjuin  of  the  segnienl. 

XXV'.  DlcKsonla  L'ller.  Sori  inar},(inal.  small,  ilie  indu- 
simn  cup-shaped,  somewhat  two-valved,  tlie  under  portioiJ  con- 
(luent  with  u  l»)bule  of  the  frtMid. 

SUB-ORDER    n.     HYMENOPHYLLACEi^:   Endl. 

Sporanj^ia  borne  on  an  elouj^^ate.  oft<Mi  filiform,  receptacle, 
sumninded  by  a  con»plcte  transverse  ring,  opeidng  vertically. 
Sori  terminal  or  marginal  from  the  apex  of  a  vein.  Indusiutn 
inf«rit>r,  nsuallv  of  the  same  ti'.Miue  as  the  frond.  Frcjnds  licli- 
catclv  meml>ranous  and  pellucid. 

XXVI.  Trlchomanes  Sm.  Indusia  tubular,  cu[)-sha[)ed, 
or  funnel-shaped,  sometimes  two-li|)ped. 

SUB-ORDER   III.- SCHIZ^EACEiC   Prosl. 

Sporangia  ovate,  sessile,  arranged  in  spikes  or  p.ini(  les.  hav- 
ing a  lomplcic,  transverse,  articulated  ring  at  the  apex,  iind 
opening  l)y  a  longitudinal  slit. 

*  S/i't/ts  scandtftt. 

XXVII.  Lygodlum  Swz.  Sporangia  borne  in  a  double  row 
on  narrow  fertile  segnienls,  each  on  a  separate  veinlet  and  pro- 
videfl  with  a  special  indusium. 

**  S/r/fis  not  scdfii/rnf. 

XXVIII.  Anelmla  S\v/..  Sjjorangia  naked,  attached  by 
their  bases  to  the  narrow  divisions  of  the  jjanicled  fertile  seg- 
ments of  the  froiul. 

XXIX.  Schlza3a  .Sm.  .Sporarlgia  naki'd.  ti.xed  in  a  double 
row  to  the  midrib  of  the  narrow  fertile  .segments.  Sterile 
fronds  simple  or  dichotomously  forked. 


SUB-ORDER   IV.    OSMUNDACE/fE   R.    Br. 
S|)orangia  naked,  globose,  mostly  pedicelle«l,  with  no  ring  or 


8o        Ol'h'   .VJ//I'/:    /••/'.A'A'.V  .I.V/)    TIIElli   M  LIES. 

iMoro  iriici'S  of  one  around  ilic  apex,  opfiiinj^  into  two  lialvrs  hy 
a  loM^MUidiiial  slit. 

XXX.  Osmunda  L.  I'riiilc  piniKf  or  froiuls  imirli  coii- 
tractiMl,  lu'ariii}.>:  the  lar^((>  ami  alxiixiatit  sporangia  uii  the  mar- 
gins of  the  narrow  sej^meiils. 


II 


C 


l> 


i: 


«•• 


<; 


ii 


AKlii  !(  lAI.    SYNOl'SIS   OF    (iKNKKA. 

S|Miraii^ia  cuIIim  IimI  in  soii  .itui    Ixtnic   mi    tin-  hack   tn    margin    ni  .1 

h-afy  fiiiiid        \\ 

S|M)raii^'ia    ii\    spikis  or  paiiiiius    iittt    <>ii    tlic    It-afy    |Miitiiiii    of  \\w 

frond r 

I    Sori  lovLMfd  \sitli  iiidiisia        <" 

'    Soli  iiakrd        |» 

I     l-'crtik?   (iciii'l  <l.>sclv    iiilini   lii^ctlH'i,    L'lltilirly    Ulilikf    llif    ^tl•lil<•.  iis 

M'>;Muiitsl«  11) -likror  MCI  klair  !ikf        ,     .  Will.    <  ).\i  «  1.1- \,  p.  1  ii; 

Soli  iiiai);iiial,  lovrred  willi  .i  rcllcxcil  |iorlioii  ii(  the  frond        .  \\ 
Sori  marginal  or  U-rinin.il,  iMiriif  on  an  cIohi^mIc  ri'('c|ita<  Ic, 

XWI.       I  Kli  Hum  \M  s,   p.    ijj 

Sori  dorsal  or  m.ir^;iiial,  provided  wiih  s|H'<i.ii  iii.lnsia        ...  II 

r<Mrrslri.il,  ^;ro\vih^^  iiioslly  in  roc  k\  pl.icos J.; 

.\<|iialif,  sli-rilf  fioiid^  lloalnii'  on  tin-  w.iJit, 

XII.      ("km  \  liil'IHMS,  p.    II 
Sporaiu'.ia  .il  iIh-  nuN  of  the  veins,  home  t»n  .1  ollexed  portion  of  iIh- 

nuirKin  of  the  frond        \'||.     AniAN  n  M,  p.  Si/ 

Spoian>,'i,i  home  on  a  loniimious,  lnar^;inal,  vein-like    recepijile    umi- 

llellill^;  the  .ipiies  of  the  veiii> \'lll.       I' rKKI><,  p.  </i 

SiMiran^ia  at  01    ne.ir  llie  eiuN  of   niiionnei-ti-d    veins,   Ixhiil-   on    tii.' 

under  siirfaie  of  the  fronil        |' 

I'roiiih  (iiiis|ii(  iioiisly  diinorphoiis  ;  sti|M-K  li^lit-< ulured, 

X.  l  UN  lMi'<;u.\MMi.,  p.  97 

I'voiids  nearly  nniforin  ;  sli|M's  usually  dark (j 

Sori  on  the  upper  p.irl  nf  tin- vi-iiis,  mostly  forinin^;  a  i  Kniimioiis  iii.ir- 

l^iii.il  h.iml  ;   indtisiutii  inriiihr.iiious,  conlinnoiis  loiniil  the  s4-^nienl, 

.\l.       I'IS.I.KA,   p.  y)1 

Sori  ininule,  ;ii  the  ends  nf  ihe  vi'iiis  ;  indnsiuin  interrupled,  or  if  «iin 

linuons,  the   nlliin.ite  se;.;nienls  umi. illy  siii. ill    ,iiid   iH-.td  like  ;    fronds 

mostly  I  li.iify,  woiilJN ,  (ir  f.irinose,     .  IX.    (Ill  11.  an  1  iir  s,  p.  gi 

Sori  roun(|>.-.li ;  indtisi.t  not  mme  (h.iii  twin-  a.s  Vm^  a.H  hriKMl      .  I 

Sori  line.iror  ohluiij.;  ;  indn-ia  more  th.tii  Isvicc  ;i.s  lonn  .is  hroad  Ii 

Indn-iiim  su|H-iior,  att.n  lied  hy  the  d-nlre  or  sinus «| 

Indnsiuin   convex,    fixed    hy    a   hro.id    baw   partly    under   the   soriis. 


X.XII.     CVSKUM  K.l<l> 


P 


Indnsiiim  infcrlMr 


K 


FII./C/'IS. 


8i 


i.v 


'I  ,1 
It 

till' 
« 

r 
I* 

lis 

II., 
I) 


.1 


K 


M 


X 


() 


^i 


U 


r 
w 


Sori  mostly  on  tlie  Imi  k  of  the  vriiiH  ;  iii(iiisiiiiii  orhiiul.u  or  rciiirttriii, 

u|M-iiiii^' at!  rtiiiiiil  ilie  niar^'iii NX.    AsfiniiM,  p.  lui 

Sori  al   tlie  end  of  a  five  vein;  iiuliisiiitn  rt'iiiforni,  ••pciiiii^  tiiwanl 
llic   mar^'in  of  the  fidini ;  froiiiK  siinplv  |iiiiii  .tc.  tli<-  piiin.v  artim- 

latfd  to  ilu-  rai  hi> \.\l.    NiniKi  Hi  ris,  p.  n^ 

liKJusiinn  roiiixlisli  or  HtL'llalc,  ili'liialo    .     .  \\l\'.     U'tMtHM  \,  p.  my 
IndiiHiiini  (-iip->tlia|H>il,   s«>nu'\vha(   l\vo-\^lvi.|. 

XW.      |)|'  KsoMA,  p.   131 

Soli  all  parallel  to  tlu-  iiiiilril>s  or  rai  liisrs >| 

Soli  all  ol)lii|iii- to  till- niiihil>>«    ...  (> 

Sori  parti)  oljliijiif  ami  iiartly  paialli-l  to  tlii>  inxirih  ;    fionil  siniplf, 

ta|M'iin^  to  a  point XV'III.     (   \mi'I(>s<iki  s,  p.  loK 

\'i-in.s  friH- N 

N'liiis  n-lii  iijatf .W.    \Vi»«i|)\v.\i<ii|.\,  p.  loj 

lixliisiiiin  near  till'  margin  ;  fi-rtik*  frond  nincli  contiartt-d, 

XIII.     l.o.M.VKI  \,   p.    1,11 

lndii>'iiini  rnnoti'  from  thi*  margin  ;  fronds  lu-a-ly  luiifonn, 

Xl\',     Ml.Kv  II.MM,  p.    loj 

Sori  on  the  iip|H'r  sidr  of  a  vi-inlrl,  randy  on  lM<tli  ^iik-s, 

X\  I.    Asi'i.iNiirM,  p.  i<n 
Sori   rtinlliKiit    in    p.iirs,  wiili   an  ap|>ari-iiily   doiijili-  iiidiwiiiin  o|M-n- 

ill^;  in  till-  middle .W'll.    S<  "l.i  iii;mp|<ii  m,  p.   107 

Sori  s|>read  in  a  stratum  <>n  the  under  snrface  of  the  fiond, 

I.  At  H>i->i  iniiM,  p.  Sj 
Sori  loimdish,  ,)r  not  inme  than  twite  as  lon^  .is  hroad  ...  ij 
Sori  usually  linear,  always  more  than  twite  as  ion^'  .is  broad  11 

Sti|M>s  artit  ulated  to  the  rouistiKk;  froiuls   (in   our  s|M'iiesi  entire  or 

simply  pinnali- II.    I'oi.vii'ium,  p.  Sj 

Sti|M"s    nut    aitii  iil.itcd    to    the    rootsimk;     froixU    (in    om     spe'ies) 

III     tiipinnatihd  or  leiii.ite XI.X.    IMkisoimkkis,  p.  loH 

I'ronds  simple        H 

I  roiids  pinii.ite  to  i|iiadripinii.ili T 

l-'ronds  very  narrow,  ^rassdiki- ;  veins  indistiiut,  free, 

\'l.  \'ll  |■\l<l.^,  p.  S<; 
I'londs  Itio.ider  ;  veins  anastoinosiin^  .  .  .  .  \'.  I  .i:.M  t  Is,  ji.  S.S 
Sori  m.ir^in.kl,  more  or  less  toiilUient  in  .1  marginal  IkiiuI, 

l\'.  Noriiiti..i:N A,  p.  .\s 
Sori    fnlluwiii^,'   tlie    veinlets.    simple,    f. .ikid,    pinnate,   or    v.iiioiisly 

.ma.stomosill^; Hi.    ( iv.M.NiMiUAMMl  ,  p.  K.j 

S|M)ranj,'ia  ovale,  with  ir.iiisveise  rinj,' at  .ipcx        V 

Spor.mj;ia  (;lol)ose  without  .1  I  inj;    ....    XW.    ()sMiniia,  p.  ij| 
Stems  St, 111, lent,  piiin.e  p.dmate       .      .     .    .X.W'll.    i.Mn  iihim,  p.   uj 

Stems  not  St. indent        \V 

Spor,ini;i.i  in  t  lose  distil  lions  spikes  .       X\l\.     Srill/.I.A,  p.   i.'t 

Spor.inf.i.i  in  nipioiisK  hr.uu  hint;  pani,  lis,   X.W'III     .\m;imi\,  p.  1  .■  i 

(1 


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82        0(7 A'  NATIVE   FERNS  AND    THEIR  ALLIES. 

I.     ACROSTICHUM   L. 

Sporangia  spread  over'  the  whole  surface  of  the  frond  or  upper 
pinnx',  or  occasionally  over  both  surfaces.  Venation  and  cut- 
ting various  (in  our  species  simply  pinnate).  Name  from  Gr. 
(tic/jo?,  the  summit,  and^  or/jof,  a  row.  A  tropical  genus  con- 
taining over  170  species. 

§  Chrysodium. 

1.  A.  aureum  L.  Stipes  i°— ?""  long,  tufted,  strong,  erect, 
glossy;  fronds  2° — 6°  long,  i°— 2°  broad,  upper  pinnae  fertile, 
slightly  smaller  than  the  barren  ones;  texture  coriaceous; 
areolae  small,  copious,  without  free  veinlets.     Florida. 

II.    POLYPODIUM   L. 

Sori  round,  naked,  dorsal,  in  one  or  more  rows  each  side  of 
midrib,  or  irregularly  scattered.  Stipes  articulated  to  root- 
stock.  Name  from  Gr.  ;roA?i5,  many,  and  itov^^  rcoSoi,  foot,  allud- 
ing to  ♦^he  branching  rootstock.  The  largest,  most  cosmopolitan 
genus  of  ferns,  containing  350  or  more  species. 

§  I.  EUPOLYPODIUM.  Veins  free ;  frouds  {in  our  species) 
pinnate. 

*  Sori  laj'i^e. 

^ffhy  '-  I.  p.  vulgp.re  L.  Stipes:;' — 4' long,  firm,  erect ;  fronds  4' — 
10'  long,  i' — 3'  broad,  cut  nearly  or  quite  to  the  rachis  into  entire 
or  slightly  toothed,  usually  blunt  pinnae;  veins  once  or  twice 
forked.  Larger  fronds  with  their  pinnae  sharply  serrated  and 
long-pointed  form  tlie  var.  occidentale  Hook.  New  England 
wcstwa:  J  to  Oregon  and  southward  to  Alabama. 

^977^  —2.  p.  falcatunn  Kellogg.  Stipes  5'— 8'  long,  stramineous; 
fronds  12' — 15'  long,  4' — 8'  broad  ;  pinna?  numerous,  tapering  to 
a  slender  point,  sharply  serrate  ;  sori  nearest  the  midrib;  veins 
with  2 — 4  veinlets.  {P.  glycyrrJiiza  D.  C.  Eaton.)  California  to 
Washington  Territory. 

**  Sori  smaller,  often  minute. 

3.  P.  plumula  H.  B.  K.  Stipes  i' — 4'  long,  black,  slender; 
fronds  narrowly  lanceolate,  9' — 18' long,  i' — 2'  broad;  pinna?  nu- 
merous, narrow,  entire,  blunt,  lower  gradually  reduced  ;  surfaces 
naked  except  the  black  wiry  rachis;  veinlets  forked,  obscure. 
(/".  elasticuvi  Rich.)     Florida. 


FILICES. 


83 


4.  P.  pectinatum  L.  Stipes  rigid  2' — 6'  long;  fronds  el- 
liptical-lanceolate, i" — 2^°  long,  2' — 6' broad,  cut  to  the  rachis 
into  horizontal,  entire  or  toothed  pinnae,  the  lower  ones  much 
reduced  ;  rachis  naked  or  finely  villose  ;  veinlets  pellucid,  once 
or  twice  forked ;  sori  in  long  rows,  of  medium  size.     Florida. 

§2.  GoNiOPHLEBiUA.  Blumc.  Veins  forming  ample  regular 
areola'  {almost  imperceptible  in  No.  5),  each  with  a  single  distinct 
free  included  veinlet,  bearing  a  sorus  at  its  terminus. 

*  Under  surface  squamous. 

5.  P.  Incanum  Swz.  Rootstock  woody,  wide  creeping,  cov- 
ered with  small  brown  scales;  stipes  i' — 4'  long,  erect,  densely 
scaly;  fronds  2' — 6'  long,  1' — i^'  broad,  cut  to  the  rachis  into 
entire  pinnae;  texture  coriaceous ;  sori  small;  veins  indistinct, 
united  or  frequently  free.     Virginia  to  Illinois,  and  southward. 

6.  P.  thysanolepis  A.  Br.  Rootstock  slender,  firm,  densely 
covered  with  minute  lanceolate  scales  ,  stipes  3' — 12'  long,  erect, 
scaly ;  fronds  ovate,  3' — 9'  long,  2' — 3'  broad  ;  pinnae  distant,  as- 
cending, blunt,  dilated  at  base  (except  the  lowest),  thick,  sub- 
coriaceous,  covered  below  with  ciliate  scales  with  brown  centre 
and  broad  scarious  border ;  areolae  and  sori  in  a  single  series. 
Huachuca  Mountains,  Arizona  {Lemmon),  Mexico. 

**  Under  surface  mostly  smooth. 

7.  P.  Calif ornicum  Kaulf.  Rootstock  creeping,  chaffy; 
stipes  2' — 6'  long,  stramineous  when  dry,  naked  ;  fronds  ovate 
to  oblong-lanceolate,  4' — 9'  long,  i' — 5'  broad,  cut  nearly  or  quite 
to  midrib  into  finely-toothed  pinnae;  texture  papyraceo-herba- 
ceous;  sori  large:  veinlets  4 — 6  to  each  vein.  (Including/*,  ifi- 
tcrmedium  H.  «&  A.)     California. 

»-  8.  P.  Scouleri  H.  &  G.  Rootstock  stout,  creeping,  scaly  ;  ^^^ 
stipes  2' — 4'  long,  erect,  naked  ;  fronds  thick,  3' — 12'  long,  2' — 6' 
broad,  cut  down  to  rachis  into  from  5 — 29  close,  blunt  pinnae; 
texture  coriaceous,  fleshy  when  recent;  sori  very  large  ;  veinlets 
regularly  anastomosing  forming  a  single  series  of  large  areolae. 
(/'.  carnosum  Kellogg,  P.  pacJtyphyllum  D.  C.  Eaton.)  Cali- 
fornia and  northward. 

§3.  Fhleikjdium  R.  Br.  Veins  forming  ample  areola',  each 
ivith  t-a'o  or  more  distinct,  freCt  included  veinlets  bearing  sori  on 
their  united  points. 


84       OUR  NATIVE  FERNS  AND    THEIR  ALLIES. 


W9 


9.  p.  aureum  L.  Rootstock  stout,  densely  scaly;  stipes 
1° — 2°  long,  castaneous,  naked  ;  fronds  3° — 5°  long,  9' — 18'  broad, 
cut  nearly  to  the  rachis  into  broad  entire  or  slightly  undulate 
pinnae  ;  areolae  copious.     Florida. 

§4.  Campyloneuron  Presl.  Primary  veins  distinct  from 
midrib  to  the  edge,  connected  by  parallel  transverse  veinlets  ; 
areohe  similar,  containing  two  or  more  sori. 

10.  P.  phyllltidis  L.  Rootstock  stout,  scaly;  stipes  short 
or  none;  fronds  simple,  1° — 3°  long,  i' — 4'  broad,  the  point 
acute,  lower  part  gradually  narrowed  ;  texture  rigid,  coriaceous  ; 
areolae  in  rows  of  6 — 12  from  midrib  to  edge.     Florida. 

§  5.  PHYiMATODES  Prcsl.  Areohc fine,  copious,  irregular,  the 
free  veinlets  spreading  in  various  directions  ;  sori  various  in  posi- 
tion. 

11.  P.  Swartzil  Baker.  Rootstock  wide  creeping,  slender, 
covered  with  linear  ferruginous  scales ;  stipes  ^ — i'  long,  slender, 
naked;  frond  simple,  2' — 4'  long, V — J'  broad,  narrowed  gradu- 
ally toward  both  ends,  the  edge  entire,  undulate,  or  slightly 
lobed ;  sori  uniserial  on  free  veinlets.  {P.  serpens  Sviz.)  Key 
Largo,  Florida  {Curtiss). 

III.     GYMNOGRAMME   Desv. 

Sori  oblong  or  linear,  following  the  course  of  the  veinlets  and 
like  them,  simple,  forked,  pinnate,  or  variously  anastomosing, 
without  indusia.  Name  from  Gr.  yvni'o^,  naked,  and  ypcUil-ux, 
line.     Includes  about  100  species,  mostly  tropical. 

§  I.  EUGYMNOGRAMME.  Veins  free,  Under  surface  not  fari- 
nose. 

I.  G.  Ehrenbergiana  Klotzsch.  Rootstock  creeping  ;  stipes 
grayish,  puberulent,  3' — 6'  long;  fronds  5-angled,  i' — 3'  each 
way,  hispid  above,  tomentose  beneath,  pinnate ;  lower  pinnae 
much  the  largest,  unequally  triangular,  pinnate;  upper  pinnx 
lobed  or  crenate.  {G.pedata  of  check-lists  not  of  Kaulf.,  G.  podo- 
phylla  Hook,  in  part,  G.  hispida  Mett.  and  former  edition.) 
Texas  to  Arizona. 

§  2.    Cerop'jeris    Link.     Fronds  farinose  below. 
••2.    G.  triangularis    Kaulf.      (GOLD-FERN,   Goi, DEN-BACK.) 
Stipes  densely  tufted,  slender,  blackish-brown,  polished,  6' — 12' 
long;    fronds  2' — 5' each  way,  deltoid,  pinnate;    lower   pinnae 


LUES. 

scaly;  stipes 
9  — 1 8' broad, 
litly  uiidulaic 

distinct  from 
'rse  veinkts ; 

stipes  short 
d,  the  point 
.  coriaceous  ; 
ida. 

'■regular,  the 
''ions  in  posi- 

ing,  slender, 
)ng,  slender, 
wed  gradu- 
or  slightly 
Swz.)     Key 


/einletsand 
istomosing, 
d  ypd^mx^ 

':e  not  far  i- 

■ng ;  stipes 
'  — 3'  each 
''er  pinnae 
per  pinncx 
f-.  G.  podo- 
■  edition.) 


=N-BACK.) 
-d,6'— 12' 
-r   pinna 


I'll.ICIlS. 


^S 


nmcli  the  largest,  triangular,  biijinnatifKl  ;  upper  piniiee  more  or 
less  pinnately  hjbed  ;  lower  surface  c(jated  with  yellow  or  white 
powder,  finally  tncjre  or  less  obscured  by  the  fruit.  Arizona, 
California,  and  northward. 

IV.     NOTHOL^ENA  R.  Br.     Cloak  fkrn. 

Sori  marginal,  at  first  roundish  or  oblong,  soon  confluent 
into  a  narrow  band,  without  indusiuin,  but  sometimes  covered 
at  first  by  the  inllexed  edge  of  the  frond.  \  eins  free.  Name 
from  Lat.  noiJius,  spurious,  and  hcna,  a  cloak,  alluding  to  the 
rudimentary  indusia.     Includes  37  species. 

^1.  EUNOTIIOL.KNA.  Fro)ids  not  farinosc  beneath,  scaly, 
hairy,  or  tomentose. 

*  Fronds  simply  pinnate. 

1.  N.  sinuata  Kaulf.  Rootstock  short,  thick,  very  chalTy  ; 
stipes  2' — 4'  long,  erect;  fronds  6' — 2"  long,  \ — 2'  broad  ;  pinnai 
numerous,  short-stalked,  roundish  or  ovate,  entire  to  pinnately 
lobed,  lower  surface  densely  scaly.     Texas  to  Arizona. 

2.  N.ferruginea  Mook.  Ro(;tstock  creeping,  covered  with 
(lark  rigid  scales  ;  stipes  tufted,  2' — 4'  long,  wiry,  blackish,  woolly 
at  hrst ;  fronds  8' — 12' long.  ^ — i' broad,  narrowly  lanceolate; 
pinn;e  numerous,  ovale,  pinnatifid,  hairy  above,  densely  tomen- 
tose beneath,  the  wool  at  first  whitish,  but  becoming  ferruginous. 
{W  riifa  Piesl.)     Texas  to  Arizona. 

**  Fronds  bi — qiiadripinnate. 

t  Fronds  silky-hairy  abo7>e. 

3.  N.  Parryi*  D.  C.  Eaton.  Rootstock  short,  scaly;  stipes 
2' — 4'  long,  dark  brown,  pubescent  with  whitish  jointed  hairs; 
fronds  2 — 4'  long,  oblong-lanceolate,  tripinnate,  lower  pinnae 
distinct ;  segments  crowded,  roundish-obovate,  one  line  broad, 
densely  covered  above  with  entangled  while  hairs,  beneath  with 
a  heavier  pale-brown  tomentum.     Utah,  California,  Arizona. 

4.  N.  Newberryi  D.  C.  Eaton.  (CoTlON-FF.KN.)  Rootstock 
with  very  narrow  dark  bristly  scales;  stipes  tufted,  3' — 5'  long, 
blackish-brown,  woolly  when  young,  with  pale-ferruginous  to- 
mentum ;  fronds  3 — 5'  long,  lanceolate-oblong,  covered  most 
densely  beneath  wiih  fine  whitish  hairs,  tri — quadripinnate ; 
ultimate  segments  roundish-obovate,  jV" — V  broad.    California. 

ft  Fro//ds  slightly  hispid  ahoiw. 


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1 

86        OUK   NATIVE   FERNS  AND    THEIR   ALLIES. 

5.  N.  Aschenborniana  Klotzsch.  Rootstock  short, 
creeping;  stipes  tufled,  2'— 3'  lonjj[,  wiry,  ebeneous,  densely 
scaly;  fronds  4' — 10'  long,  2' — 3'  broad,  oblong-lanceolate,  tri- 
pinnatifid  ;  pinnae  lanceolate,  cut  into  linear-oblong,  crenate  or 
pinnatilkl  pinnules;  upper  surface  pale-green,  the  knver  densely 
matted  with  linear,  ciliate,  bright  ferruginous  scales,  beneath 
which  it  is  subfarinose  ;  sori  black.  Huachuca  Mts,  Arizona 
{Lcinino/i),  Texas  {Druiiinioiul),  Mexico. 

§  2.  CiNCiNALis  Desv.  I''roHds  farinose,  ivith  white  or  yel- 
lo'iV  po7uder  {in  one  speeies  nahed). 

*  Eronds  farinose  below. 
t  I'ronds  deltoid  or  pentagonal,  barely  bipinnate. 

6.  N.  Candida  Hook.  Rootstock  creeping,  with  narrow, 
rigid,  nearly  black  scales;  stipc;^  tufted  3' — 6'  long,  wiry,  black 
and  shining;  fronds  rather  shorter  than  stipe,  deltoid-ovate, 
pinnate;  lowest  pinna;  with  the  lowest  inferior  pinnules  elon- 
gate and  again  pinnatifid,  tiie  three  or  four  succeeding  pairs  lan- 
ceolate, pinnatifid  into  oblong  segments,  the  uppermost  pinna; 
like  the  segments  of  the  lower  ;  upper  surface  green  ;  lower  sur- 
face whitish  farinose  ;  margin  slightly  revolute.  {N.  sulphurea 
J.  Sni.,  N.pulveraeea  Kunze.)  Southwestern  Texas  {RevereJiony, 
New  Mexico  {Wright). 

7.  N.  cretacea  Liebm.  Rootstock  short,  oblique,  the  scales 
rigid,  lanceolate,  with  a  narrow  membranous  margin  ;  stipes 
2— -7'  long,  brownish,  wiry,  scaly  when  young;  fronds  i' — 2' 
lo.  g,  broadly  deltoid-ovate  to  pentagonal,  tri — quadripinnati- 
fid  at  base,  gradually  simpler  above  ;  ultimate  segments  oblong 
or  triangular-oblong,  numerous,  crowded  ;  upper  surface  more  or 
less  covered  with  deciduous  glands;  lower  surface  copiously 
farinose  with  yellow  or  whitish  powder  except  on  the  promi- 
nent dark-brown  rachises;  margins  more  or  less  recurved,  not 
covering  the  sporangia;  spores  globose,  black.  (A'.  Californica 
D.  C.  Eaton.)  San  Diego  County,  California  {Cleveland,  Parish); 
Arizona  {Parry,  Leinvion). 

8.  N.  Hooker!  D.  C.  Eaton.  Rootstock  short,  censely 
covered  with  rigid  lanceolate  dark-brown  scales;  stipes  tufted, 
4' — 8'  long,  reddish-brown,  wiry,  shining  ;  fronds  2' — 3'  each 
way,  nearly  pentagonal,  composed  of  three  divisions  ;  the  mid- 


FII.ICES. 


87 


short, 


I 


die  one  slightly  stalked,  rliomboid-ovale,  pinnatifid  into  a  few 
toothed  segments,  the  second  pair  larger  than  the  first;  the 
side  divisions  sessile,  deltoid,  pinnatifid  on  upper  side  as  in 
middle  division,  but  each  bearing  on  the  lower  side  a  single 
large  pinnatifid  basal  segment,  and  above  it  smaller  segments 
like  those  of  the  upper  side;  lower  surface  covered  with  pale- 
yellow  powder.  (.V.  cretacihi  of  check-lists  not  of  Liebm.,  A^. 
ciDidida,  var.  i^-fido-palmato  Hook.)  Texas  to  Arizona. 
ft  Fronds  lanceolate  or  iinear-oldont^,  bipinnate  or  tripinnatifid. 

9.  N.  Gray!  Dav.  Stipes  tufted,  ij' — 3.^'  long,  terete, 
chestnut-brown,  with  nearly  black,  rigid,  linear-acuminate 
scales  below,  paler,  deciduous  scales  above;  fronds  2—4'  long, 
I' — i^'  broad,  oblong-lanceolate,  once  or  twice  pinnate,  upper 
surface  sparingly,  under  thickly  covered  with  white  powder; 
racliises  brown  like  the  stipes,  coated  with  a  granular  substance 
extending  down  the  stipes,  and  clothed  with  long,  slender,  en- 
tire or  ciliate,  pale  or  whitish  scales;  piimae  short-stalked, 
oblique,  unequally  triangular-ovate,  ovate-lanceolate,  or  lanceo- 
late, deeply  pinnatifid  or  pinnately  divided  into  i  or  2  pairs  of 
short-stalked  or  sessile,  oblong,  pinnatifid,  obtuse  pinnules,  the 
remaining  portion  obliquely  pinnatifid  with  alternate,  lobed  or 
entire  segments  ;  margins  unchanged,  reflexed  ;  sori  brown  in 
a  continuous  line  at  the  ends  of  the  free  veins.  Southeastern 
Arizona. 

10.  N.  Lemmoni  D.  C.  Eaton.  Rootstock  short,  scaly 
witli  narrow,  pointed,  rigid,  dark-brown  chaff;  stalks  dark  red- 
dish-brown, wiry,  4' — 6'  long,  chaffy  at  the  base  with  scales  a 
little  wider  and  more  scarious  margined  than  those  of  the  root- 
stalk,  otherwise  smooth  ;  fronds  6—9'  long,  i' — iV  wide,  linear- 
oblong,  pinnate  with  numerous  deltf)id  or  ovate,  once  or  twice 
pinnatifid  pinnae,  the  lowest  ones  a  little  shorter  than  the  mid- 
dle ones ;  upper  surface  herbaceous-green,  smooth  ;  lower  sur- 
face covered  with  white  or  slightly  yellowish  ceraceous  powder; 
sori  forming  a  narrow  sub-marginal  line;  margins  of  the  seg- 
ments very  slightly  recurved.     Arizona. 

ttt  Fronds  deltoid-07>atc\  tri — qnadripinnatc  at  base. 

11.  N.  nivea  Desv.  Rootstock  short,  chaffy  with  narrow 
scales;    stipes   tufted,  4' — 6'    long,   wiry,  black   and   polished; 


'A 


\\ 


' 


m 


I 


88        OCr/^  NATIVE   FENA'S  AND    THEIR  ALLIES. 

fronds  3' — 6'  lorif^,  ij'— 2'  broad,  ovate,  lanceolate,  triangular- 
ovate  or  deltoid,  tripinnate  ;  primary  pinnae  mostly  opposite, 
the  rachises  nearly  strai<;ht ;  pinnules  long-stalked  ;  segments 
ronndish,  nearly  as  broad  as  long,  terminal  ones  larger,  entire 
or  3-lobe(l  ;  upper  surfaces  green,  smooth,  lower  densely  coated 
with  pure  white  powder;  sori  brown,  often  descending  the  free 
veins  half-way  to  the  midvein.     Arizona,  New  Mexico. 

F<?r.  dealbata  Dav.  Segments  smaller,  more  numerous, 
longer  th;in  broad,  terminal  ones  rarely  lobed.  (.V.  dealhata 
Kunze  and  former  editions.  C/iri/iVif/u-s  cfra/lxifa  Vwvih.)  Up- 
per Missouri  to  New  Mexico  and  Arizona. 

12.  N.  Fendleri  Kunzc.  Stipes  densely  tufted,  dark- 
brown,  3' — 5'  long;  rachis  and  all  its  branches  zigzag  and 
flexuous;  fronds  broadly  deltoid-ovate,  3' — 5' each  way,  quad- 
ripinnate  below,  grad"^llv  siini;!er  above;  pinnne  alternate; 
ultimate  pinnules  oval  or  elliptical,  simple  or  3-lobed.  Colo- 
rado, New  Mexico,  Arizona. 

**  Frondx  71(1  Iced  below. 

13.  N.  tenera  Gillies.  Stipes  tufted,  brownish,  smooth 
and  shining  ;  fronds  3' — 4'  long,  ovate-pyramidal,  bi — tripinnate  ; 
pinnne  mostly  opposite,  distant,  the  lower  ones  somewhat  tri- 
angular; ultimate  pinnules  ovate,  often  sub-cordate,  obtuse, 
smooth,  and  naked  on  both  surfaces  ;  possibly  only  a  form  of 
N.  tit'vea.     Southern  Utah,  California. 

V.    Ti^ENITIS  Swz. 

Sori  linear,  but  the  line  sometimes  interrupted,  cential  or 
sub-marginal.  Veins  reticulate.  Name  from  Lat.  iicnia,  a 
band.     Includes  five  species,  all  tropical. 

I.  T.  lanceolata  R.  Br.  Rootstock  creeping;  stipes  i' — 
2'  long;  fronds  simple,  6' — 13'  long,  .y — J'  broad,  tapering  both 
ways,  the  edge  entire  or  sometimes  crisped,  midrib  prominent  ; 
veins  immersed,  the  exterior  free  and  clubbed  at  their  apices  ; 
sori  ante-marginal,  in  a  continuous  line  near  the  apex.  (^Uns^iux 
ccrinna  Plum.,  Ptcris  lancrolata  L  ,  Ptcrop'^ix  lanceolata  Desv., 
Neurodium  lanccolaticm  Fee.)  Old  Rhodes  Key,  Florida  (C'w- 
tiss) , 


-1 


|)osit(', 

nenls 

le  II  tiro 

[o;itc(i 

free 

lorous, 
Up- 


F 1 1.  ICES. 


VI.     VITTARIA  Sm.     Gkass  kkrn. 


Sq 


Sori  linear,  coniiruKJUs.  in  two-li|)|)C(l  inar!L;iiuil  jjfn^cjves  or  in 
slightly  intrainars^inal  lines,  with  the  unaltered  edt^eof  the  fnjnd 
produced  beyond  and  often  rolled  over  them,  hut  witliouL  spe- 
cial indusia.  Fronds  narrow,  i^jrass-likc.  Veins  free.  Name 
(-oin  Lat.  vitta,  a  fillet  or  head-band.  A  tropical  genus  con- 
taining 13  species. 

i>  T.ENioi'Sis  J.  Sm. 

I.  V.  lineata  Sm.  Fronds  6' — 18'  long,  i" — 5"  broad,  nar- 
rowed gradually  downward  to  a  stout  compressed  stem,  the  edge 
often  retlexed  ;  sori  in  a  broad  intramarginal  line  in  a  slight 
furrow,  the  edge  of  the  frond  at  first  wrapped  over  it.  {V.  an- 
gustifrons  Michx.)     Florida. 

VII.    ADIANTUM   L.     MAIDENHAIR. 

Sori  marginal,  short,  covered  by  a  rcflexcd  portion  of  Jie 
more  or  less  altered  margin  of  the  frond,  which  bears  the  spo- 
rangia on  its  under  side  from  the  approximated  tips  of  free, 
forking  veins.  Name  from  Gr.  a,  without,  and  (iiaiyco,  to  wet, 
alluding  to  the  smooth  foliage.  Includes  over  80  species, 
mostly  from  Tropical  America. 

i^  EUADIANTUM. 

*  Fronds  at  least  bi'pinnatc,  pinnules  flahellatc  or  ciineatc. 

t  Fronds  smooth, 

1.  A.  capillus-veneris  L.  (Vknus'  Hair.)  Stipes  nearly 
black,  polished,  very  slender;  fronds  ovate-lanceolate,  delicate, 
bipinnate,  the  upper  half  or  third  simply  pinnate  ;  pinnules  and 
upper  pinnae  wedge-obovate  or  rhomboid,  rather  long-stalked, 
the  upper  margin  rounded  and  more  or  less  incised,  crenate, 
or  acutely  dentato-serrate,  except  where  the  margin  is  recurved 
to  form  the  lunulate  separated  indusia.  Virginia,  Kentucky, 
and  Florida  to  Utah  and  California. 

2.  A.  tenerum  Swz.  Stipes  T  high,  erect,  glossy;  fronds 
1° — 3°  long,  9' — 18'  broad,  deltoid,  tri — quadripinnate  ;  pinnules 
articulated  to  their  petioles,  falling  off  at  maturity,  cuneate,  the 
upper  edge  rounded  or  somewhat  angular,  broadly,  often  rather 
deeply  lobed  ;  sori  numerous,  roundish,  or  transversely  oblong. 
Florida. 


Ill 


11 

ii 


I  ' 


90 


OU/^   NAT/l'K   FKKNS  A  AD    THEIR   ALLIES. 


3.  A.  Gma»'glnatum  Ilook.  Stipos  rallifr  stout,  nearly 
black,  polished  ;  lionds  oviite  or  (lclt(ji(l-pyr;iini(lal,  bi  -iripin- 
natc ;  piniuiles  and  upper  pinnx'  ample,  smooth,  or  nearly  so, 
rounded  or  even  reniform,  upper  margin  rounded,  slightly  in- 
cised ;  s(jri  2—5,  transversely  linear-oblong,  subcontinuous.  (//. 
teneruin  Torr.)     Calif(jrnia  and  northward. 

ft  Fronds  pilose,  luith  whitish  hairs. 

4.  A.  tricholepis  Fee.  Stipes  smooth,  polished,  deep 
black  ;  fronds  oval ;  pinnules  roundish,  moderately  long-stalked  ; 
sori  few  (3—7),  of  unequal  size;  indusia  \ery  velvety.  (A. 
dilatatmn  Nutt.)     Western  Texas. 

**  Fronds  dichotoinotisly  forked,  u<ith  numerous  pinnic  spring- 
ing  from  the  upper  side  of  the  two  branehes. 

I^^^Y  —5-  A.  pedatum  L.  Stipes  9' — 15'  long,  dark  chestnut- 
brown,  glabrous;  fronds  nearly  circular  in  outline;;  central  pin- 
nae 6' — 9'  long,  r — 2'  broad;  pinnules  triangular-oblong,  short- 
stalked  ;  sori  roundisli  or  transversely  oblong. 
—  Veir.  raneiferinum  Burgess.  Pinnules  longer-stalked  and 
deeply  cleft  into  narrow-toothed  lobes  on  the  upper  side.  Mount 
Findlayson,  British  Columbia. 

VIII,     PTERIS  L.    Hkake. 

Sori  marginal,  linear,  continuous,  occupying  a  slender  fiH- 
forni  receptacle  which  connects  the  tips  of  the  free  vemi.  In- 
dusium  membranous,  formed  of  the  reflexed  margin  (A  the 
frond.  Name  from  Gr.  nrefji?,  a  fern,  from  nrepor,  a  wing,  al- 
luding to  the  prevalence  of  pinnate  fronds.  A  cosmopolitan 
genus  containing  103  species. 

§  I.  Eui'TKRlS.      Veins  free,  stipes  tufted,  indusiwn  single. 

*  Louver  pinncc  linear,  undivided. 

I.  P.  longifolia  L.  Siipes  6' — 12'  long,  clothed  more  or 
less  below  with  pale-brown  scales;  fronds  1° — 2"  long,  4' — 9' 
broad,  oblong-lanceolate  ;  pinnx  sessile,  2" — 5"  broad,  linear, 
entire;  veins  close  and  fine,  usually  once  branched;  indusium 
yellowish  brown.     Florida. 


III. ICES. 


91 


, 


nearly 
li'ij)in- 
■arly  so, 
itly  la- 
ps.    (,./. 


**  Lcnvcr  pinnw  f  ))kvd or  slt)^htly  pinnule  bchnv. 

2.  P.  Cretica  L.  Siipcs  6' — 12'  loiif^,  erect,  straniiucous 
or  p.ilc-!  own;  fronds  6' — 12'  lonjjf,  4'  -S'  brojid,  lateral  pinna; 
usually  in  2-6  opposite  sessile  pairs,  the  sterile  ones  considera- 
l)ly  the  broadest  and  spinulose-serrate,  tiie  lower  pairs  often 
cleft  nearly  to  the  base,  into  two  or  three  linear  pinnules  ;  veins 
fine,  parallel,  simple  or  once  forked  ;  indiisium  pale.     Florida. 

3.  P.  serrulata  Linn.  f.  Stipes  6' — 9'  lonj^,  naked,  pale 
or  brownish  ;  fronds  9' — 18'  long,  6'— 9'  broad,  ovnce,  bipinna- 
tii'id,  the  main  rachis  niarcfincd  with  a  wini;  which  is  i" — 2" 
broad  at  the  top  and  grows  narrower  downwards  ;  piniux  in  six 
or  more  distinct  opposite  pairs,  upper  ones  simple,  the  lower 
ones  with  several  long  linear  pinnules  on  each  side,  the  eoge  of 
the  barren  ones  spinulose-serrate  ;  veins  simple  or  once  f(jrkcd. 
Alabama  {Mo/ir),  Macon,  Georgia  {/uirnc//). 

i?  2.  P.KSIA  St.  Hilaire.  Veins  free,  rootstock  creeping,  stipes 
siib-disla)it,  iudusiuni  more  or  less  double. 

.—  4.    P.  aquilina    L.     Rcjotstock  stout,  wide-creeping,  subtcr-X2^^-^ 
ranean  ;    stipes    1  — 2'   high,  erect,  stramineous    or    brownish; 
fnjnds  2'    -4"  long,  l" — 3"  wide,  ternate,  the  three  branches  each 
bipinnate;    upficr   pinnules   undivided,  the   lower   more  or  less 
pinnatilid.     North  America  everywhere. 

Var^  caudata  ll(x)k.  Pinnules  sometimes  linear  and  en- 
tire, or  with  less  crowded  segments  thaii  the  type  and  the  ter- 
minal Icjbc  linear  and  entire.  {P.  caudata 'L.)  New  Jersey  to 
Florida  and  Texas. 

<«»  Var.  lanuginosa  Hook,  Fronds  silky-pubescent  or  to- 
meiitose,  especially  on  the  under  surface  :  otlierwisc  as  in  the 
typical  form.  (/'.  lanuginosa  Bory.)  Utah,  California  and 
northward. 


IX.    CHEILANTHES    Swz.     Lip-ff.rn, 

Sori  terminal  or  nearly  so  on  the  veins,  at  first  small  and 
roundish,  afterwards  more  or  less  confluent.  Indusium  formed 
of  the  reflexed  margin  of  the  frond,  roundish  and  distinc  .  or 
more  or  less  confluent.  Veins  free.  Name  from  Gr.  ^^'eiAr  ,  a 
lip,  and  <v/'0o?,  (lower,  alluding  to  the  lip-like  indusia.  A 
genus  of  65  species  of  tropical  and  temperate  zones. 


(J2        OC/A'   NATIVE    l-ERNS  AND    I'llElR   A!.!    l:S. 


\     t 


\i 


i  I.  Adian  roi'Sis  Fee.  Imlusia  distinct,  roundish,  confined 
to  the  a/hx  of  a  sinj^/c  vcinlct. 

1.  C.  Callfornica  Mett.  Kootstock  slioit,  creepiiii^, 
cliaffy;  slipcs  densely  tufted,  dark-brown,  j^lossy,  4' — 8'  loiij.'; 
fronds  4'  or  less  each  way,  broadly  deltoid-ovate,  smooth  on 
both  surfaces, quMdripinnatifid  ;  lower  piniuc  largest,  triangular; 
upper  ones  j^jiadually  smaller  and  simpler;  ultimate  sej^ments 
lanceolate,  acute,  incised  or  serrate ;  indusia  membranous. 
{AsJ)idotis  Cdlifornica  Nutt.,  Ilypolcpis  Caii/ornica  Hocik.)  Ca- 
lifornia. 

2.  C.  Pringlei  Dav.  Rootstock  slender,  crecpinj^,  clothed 
with  linear- lanceolate  scales;  stipes  i  i' — 4i'  lonjj;,  reddish  or 
chestnut  brown,  scaly  at  base  and  sparingly  above;  fronds  i' — 
2i'  long,  nearly  as  broad,  triangular  or  ovate-deltoid,  bi— tripiii- 
natcly  divided  into  5-7  pairs  of  piiuue,  opptjsite  and  spreading 
in  the  smaller  sterile  fronds,  alternate  and  erecto-patent  in  the 
larger  fertile  fronds,  naked,  dark-green ;  pinna;  'i' — li'  long,  the 
lower  unequally  deltoid  or  ovate,  bi|)innate,  the  up[)erm(jst  ob- 
l(jng,  pinnate  or  deeply  pinnatilid;  pinnules  ovate  or  oblong, 
pinnately  divided  or  cleft  into  (jbli(|ne  segments,  which  are  again 
deeply  cleft  into  cuneate,  strap-shaped  divisions,  th(;se  of  the 
largest  segments  again  deeply  cut  into  narrow,  (obtuse,  cuneate 
lobes,  the  recurved  tips  in  fertile  fronds  forming  distinct  her- 
baceous involucres  with  entire  or  slightly  crenulate  margins  ; 
sori  one  to  each  ultimate  lobe  ox\  the  apex  of  a  free  veinlet. 
South-eastern  Arizona  {Print^^lc). 

§  2.  EucHEiLANTHF-S.  Indusiti  moKc  or  less  conjlucnt,  usu- 
ally cxtendina;  over  the  apices  of  several  veinlet s,  hut  not  continu- 
ous all  round  the  set^ments  ;  sej^inents  mostly  Jlat,  not- bead-like. 

*  Seii(>nents  0/  the  frond  smooth. 

t  Pinmefeiu,  not  more  than  5 — 6  pairs. 

3.  C.  Wrightii  Hook.  Stipes  castaneous,  slightly  chaffy 
at  base,  i' — 2'  long;  fronds  2' — 3'  long,  ovate-oblong,  tripinnat- 
ifid,  segments  more  or  less  incised;  indusium  sub-  ^ntinuous 
or  interrupted,  similar  to  frond  in  texture.  Western  Texas  to 
Arizona. 

tt  Pinner  numerous. 

4.  C.  microphylla    Swz.       Rootstock     short,     creeping; 


FII.ICES. 


93 


slipos  diirU-brown,  flossy,  rusty  pubescent  on  the  uppiT  side, 
4  6  loii^  ;  fronds  4' — 6  lonj^,  oviite-UmeeoIate,  hi  — tri|)innate  ; 
niiHue  lanceolate,  the  lowest  ones  iisu'.iily  larjj^cst  and  nioie  del- 
toid; pinnules  ol)l()ng  or  deltoid-ovate,  deeply  incised  or  pin- 
nate; indiisiuni  similar  in  texture  to  fronci,  interrupted  or  sub- 
cotitinuous.     Florida.  New  Mexico. 

5.  C.  Alabamensls  Kuii/e.  f^ootstock  creei)iiiff,  clotlied 
with  slender  brown  scales;  stipes  black  with  seamy  ferruj^inous 
wool ;  fronds  2' — 10'  lonj,',  narrowly  lanceolate,  bipinnate  ;  pinn.x* 
close,  ovate-lanceolalc,  the  lowest  ones  not  eidarijed,  usually 
smaller  than  those  above ;  pinnules  mostly  acute,  often  .auricu- 
late  on  the  upper  side  at  the  base;  indusia  pa.;*,  membra- 
nous, interru|)tcd  oidy  by  the  incisin<j;  of  tiie  pinnules.  (Pt/hca 
A/ii/nviiriisis  Baker,  P/rn's  .llabaiiwusi:'  Buckley.)  Virginia, 
Alabama,  Tennessee  to  Texas  and  Arizona  (I.t-ininoii). 

'"*  St\!^iiirii/s  of  the  front/  ii/ai!(fii/iu-  i>/sc;'if. 

6.  C.  viscida  1  )av.  Stipes  3'  —  5'  loni^f.  wiry,  blackish,  chafTy 
at  the  base  with  n.arrow  ferruginous  scales  ;  fronds  3—5'  lonjjf, 
J  — r  broad,  narrowly  oblong,  pinnate,  with  4—6  distant 
pairs  of  nearly  sessile,  deltoid,  bipinnatifid  pinn;e;  segments 
toothed,  minutely  gl.indular  and  everywhere  viscid;  teeth  of 
segment  recurved,  forming  indusia.     California. 

***  Fronds  somduhat  hairy  and  ojanditlar,  not  /oinrn/osr. 

t  Fronds  di'ltoid-07>atc;  stipes  stnxtninrous. 

7.  C.  leucopoda  Liidc.  Stipes  3—4'  long,  stout,  chafTy  at 
base;  fronds  2' — 4'  long,  deltoid-ovate,  quadripinnatc  at  base, 
gradually  simpler  above,  everywhere  glandular-puberulent ; 
lowest  pair  of  pinnic  unequally  deltoid-ovate,  upper  ones  ob- 
long; pinnules  short-stalked;  idtimate  pinnules  divided  into 
minute  rounded  lobules,  strongly  rcvolutc  when  fertile.     Texas. 

Ij-  Fronds  oiuxtc-lanccolatc;  stipes  bro^iVnisJi. 

S.  C.  vestita  Swz.  Stipes  tufted,  2' — 4'  long,  wiry,  chcst- 
mit-brown  ;  fronds  4' — 9'  long,  i' — 2'  broad,  tripinnatifid  ;  pinn.ne 
somewhat  distant,  lanceolate-deltoid;  segments  more  or  less 
thickly  covered  with  acute  hairs  ;  sori  copious ;  indusia  formed 
of  the  ends  of  roundish  or  oblong  lobes.  {NipJirodiuni  lano- 
sum  Michx.)     New  York  to  Kansas  and  southward  to  Georgia. 

9.    C.  CoopersB  D.C.Eaton.     Stipes  densely  tufted,  fragile, 


94      ocrR  iVAriVE  fera'S  AiVd  their  allies. 


11!    ! 


hairy  with  straightish  nearly  white  articulated  hairs,  which  arc 
usually  tipped  with  a  glandular  and  viscid  eiilargenient ;  fronds 
3'— 8'  long,  bipinnate,  the  pinnre  rather  distant,  oblong-ovate; 
pinnules  roundish-ovate,  crenate  and  incised,  the  ends  of  the 
lobules  f(^rming  herbaceous  indusia.     California. 

?  3.  PnvsAPTiCRis  Presl.  Ultimate  segments  minute,  bead- 
like;  indiesium  iisiially  continuous  all  round  the  margin  ;  fronds 
{in  our  species)  bi — quadripinnate,  the  lower  surf  ace  scaly  or  tomen- 
lose  or  both. 

Fronds  hairy  or  tomentose  beveath,  not  scaly. 

\  Upper  surface  naked  or  nearly  so. 

l^^O  —10.  C.  gracillima  D.  C.  Eaton.  (Lace-fern.)  Stipes 
densely  tufted,  2 — 6'  long,  dark-brown  ;  fronds  i' — 4'  long,  nar- 
rowly ovate-lanceolate,  bipinnate,  pinnai  numerous,  crowded, 
pinnately  divided  into  about  nine  oblong-oval  pinnules,  at  fust 
slightly  webby  above,  soon  smooth,  heavily  covered  besieath 
with  pale  ferruginous  matted  wool;  indusia  yellowish-brown, 
formed  of  the  continuously  curved  margin.  (C.  ^rstita  Brack.) 
California,  (3regon,  British  Columbia. 

II.  C.  lendigera  Swz.  Rootstock  cord-like,  creeping,  cov- 
ered with  narrow  scales;  stipes  rather  distant,  4' — 8'  long,  at  hrst 
loosely  tomentose,  at  length  nearly  smooth  ;  fronds  4' — 8'  long, 
ovate-oblonsi-,  tri — quadripinnate;  ultimate  pinnules  small, 
cuneate-obovate,  pouch-like  from  the  recurved  margins,  green 
above,  hairy  below.     Iluachuca  Mts.,  Arizona  {Lemmon). 

ft  Upper  surface  decidedly  pubescent. 

X  Stipes  tomentose  or  smooth. 

;.jf-/  w^  12.  C.  lanuginosa  Nutt.  Stipes  densely  tufted,  slender, 
at  fust  clothed  with  woolly  hairs,  at  length  nearly  smooth  ; 
fronds  2' — 4'  Jong,  ovate-lanceolate,  tripinnate  or  tripinnatifid, 
rarely  bipinnate;  pinnae  deltoid  below,  oblong-ovate  above,  the 
lowest  distant;  ultimate  pinnules  minute,  the  terminal  one 
slightly  largest,  crowded  ;  upper  surface  scantily  tomentose,  the 
lower  densely  matted  with  whitish-brown,  woolly  hairs  ;  indu- 
sia narrow,  formed  of  the  unchanged  margin.  {C.lanosa  Eaton, 
C.  7>es1ita  Hook,  in  part.  C.  gracilis  Mett.,  Myriopteris  gracilis 
Fee.)     Illinois  to  Texas,  Arizona,  and  British  America. 

13.    C.  tomentosa  Link.     Stipes  tufted,  4' — 6'  long,  rather 


ES. 

which  arc 
t ;  fronds 
ij:?-ovate  ; 
ds  of  the 


life,  bcad- 

i  ;  fronds 

or  tomeii- 


FILICES. 


95 


)  Stipes 
ong-,  iiar- 
crowded, 
'S,  at  first 
baieaili 
h-hrouii, 
:  Brack.) 

ling-,  cov- 
g,  at  first 
-8'  long, 
:s    sniaii, 


IS,  green 


/)• 


slender, 
smooth  ; 
nnatifid, 
)ove,  the 
inal  one 
tose,  the 
s  ;  indu- 
i  Eaton, 
'^racilia 

1^,  ratlier 


I 


stout,  covered  with  palc-brcwn  tomentuin  ;  fronds  8' — 15'  long, 
f)l)Iong-lanceolate,  everywhere  but  especially  beneath  tomcntose 
with  slender,  brownish-white,  obscurely  articulated  hairs,  tri- 
pinnate;  pinnae  and  pinnules  ovaie-oblong ;  ultimate  pinnules 
^' — J"  long,  the  terminal  ones  twice  as  large;  indusium  pale, 
membranous,  continuous.  {C.  Bradbiirii  Hook.)  Virginia  to 
Missouri,  Texas,  and  Arizona. 

\\  Stipe  and  rachises  covered  with  7>ery  narro^u  scales. 

Var.  Eatoni  Dav.  DilTers  from  the  type  mainly  in  having 
the  rachises  scaly;  characters  scarcely  sulficient  to  keep  it  dis- 
tinct.    {C.  Eatoni  Baker  and  former  editions.)     Arizona. 

14.  C.  fibrillosa  Dav.  Plant  3' — 6' high  ;  rootstock  forming 
dense,  entangled  clumps  of  short  rhizomes,  clothed  with  dark 
linear-lanceolate  scales,  passing  gradually  into  lighter-brown 
scales,  mixed  with  coarse  fibres  and  tomentum  at  the  base  of 
the  '•--tipes  ;  stipes  2' — 3'  long,  chestnut-brown,  terete,  at  first 
tomentose  with  fibrous  scales  and  wool,  becoming  smooth  with 
age;  fronds  2—3'  long,  J' — i^'  wide,  tripinnate,  loosely  covered 
witli  deciduous  tomentum,  that  along  the  rachises  beneath  per- 
sistent, tawny,  mixed  with  coarse  fibres.  (C".  lanuginosa,  \ar. 
fibrillosa  Dav.)     San  Jacinto  Mountains,  California  {Parish). 

15.  C.  Parishii  Dav.  Rootstock  creeping,  short,  clothed 
with  deep-brown  linear-lanceolate  scales,  witli  darker  nearly 
black  mid-nerves;  stipes  2' — 3'  long,  approximate,  light  to  dark- 
brown,  clothed  at  base  with  scales  similar  to  those  on  the  root- 
stock,  i)assing  gradually  into  broader  pale-brown  or  neai'Iy  white 
nerveless  scales,  with  moreor  less  deciduous,  slender,  pale  scales 
and  chaff  above;  fronds  3' — 4'  long,  i' — i^'  broad,  oblong- 
lanceolate,  tri — quadripinnate,  with  both  surfaces  scantily 
clothed  with  a  coarse  tomentum  ;  pinnae  alternate,  ol)long-ovate, 
obtuse,  the  lowermost  somewhat  distant;  segments  roundish, 
the  terminal  ones  largest  and  three-lobed  ;  indusia  very  narrow, 
oidy  partially  enclosing  the  sori.  San  Diego  Co.,  California 
{Parish). 

**  Fronds  co7fercd  beneath  with  imbricated  scales,  not  tomentose. 

16.  C.  Fendleri  Hook.  Stipes  2' — 5'  long,  chaffy  with 
minute  slender  scales  ;  fronds  3' — 4'  long,  ovate-lanceolate, 
tripinnate;  scales  of  primary  rachis  like  those  of  stipe,  those  of 


■ 


!, 


q6 


OUR   A'ATIVE  FA'A'NS  AND    THEIR  ALLIES. 


til  I 


secondary  and  ultimate  rachises  larger,  broadly-ovate,  entire  or 
nearly  so,  usually  edged  with  white,  imbricate  and  overlapping 
the  (i" — }i'  broad)  sub-globose  ultimate  segments;  these  arc 
naked  above,  and  commonly  bear  at  their  centre  a  single  brosul 
scale;  indusium  formed  of  the  much  incurved  margin.  Texas 
and  Colorado  to  California. 

17.  C.  Clevelandii  D.  C.  Eaton.  Stipes  scattered,  2' — 6' 
long,  dark-brown,  scaly  when  young,  but  at  length  nearly  smooth  ; 
fronds  4' — 6'  long,  ovate-lanceolate,  tripinnate,  smooth  above, 
deep  fulvous-brown  below  from  the  dense  covering  of  closely 
imbricate,  ciliate  scales  growing  on  the  ultimate  segments  as 
well  as  on  the  rachises;  segments  nearly  round,  ^" — ^"  broad, 
the  terminal  ones  larger,  margin  narrowly  incurved.  Califor- 
nia. 

*:i:=K  Under  surf  ace  both  tonicntose  and  scaly. 

1 8.  C.  myriophylla  Desv.  Rootstock  very  short,  scaly; 
stipes  tufted,  2' — 6'  hi^h,  castaneous,  covered  with  pale-brown 
scales  and  woolly  hairs  intermixed  ;  fronds  3' — 8'  long,  oblong- 
lanceolate,  tri— quadripinnatifid,  smooth  or  pilosr  above,  be- 
neath matted-tomentose  and  densely  clothed  with  pale-brown, 
narrowly  ovate-lanceolate,  ciliate  scales,  those  of  the  ultimate 
segments  with  long,  tortuous  cilia  ;  pinnae  dclloid-ovate,  luir- 
rower  upwards;  ultimate  segments  minute.  A'  broad,  crowded, 
innumerable,  the  margin  unchanged,  much  incurved.  Very 
variable.     (C  clegans  Desv.,  C.  villosa  Dav.)     Texas  to  Arizona. 

19.  C.  Lindheimeri  Hook.  Rootstock  long,  slender,  chaf- 
fy ;  stipes  scattered,  4' — 7'  high,  blackish-brown,  at  first  cov- 
ered with  scales  and  woolly  hairs;  fronds  3' — 5' long,  ovate- 
lanceolate,  tri — quadripinnate ;  ultimate  segments  \'  long, 
crowded  ;  upper  surface  white  tomentose,  lower  surface  very 
chaffy,  those  of  the  midribs  ciliate  at  base,  those  of  the  segments 
mire  and  more  ciliate,  passing  into  entangled  tomentum.  West- 
ern Texas  to  Arizona. 

§  4.  ALEURiroi'TERis  Fee.  Inditsta  more  or  less  confluent  ; 
frond's  far/nose  below. 

20.  C.  argentea  Kunze.  Stipes  densely  tufted,  3' — 6' long, 
castaneous;  fronds  3' — 4'  long,  2'  broad,  deltoid,  bi— tripinnati- 
fid  ;  lower  pinnae  much  the  largest,  cut  nearly  to  the  rachis; 
rachis  polished  like  the  stipe  ;  upper  surface  naked,  lower  thick- 


FILICES. 


97 


ly  covered    with   white   powder;   sori    numerous,   very   small. 
Alaslca. 

X.     CRYPTOGRAMME  R.  Br.     RncK  BRAKE. 

Spoiaiis^ia  on  the  i)ack  or  near  the  ends  of  the  free  veins, 
f()nni;ig  oblonj^  or  roundish  sori,  wliich  are  at  length  eonfluent, 
and  cover  the  back  of  the  pinnules.  Iridusium  continuous, 
formed  of  the  membranous,  somewhat  altered  margin  of  the 
pinnule,  at  lirst  reflexed  along  the  two  S'des  and  meeting  at  the 
niitirib,  at  length  o{ieni!ig  out  flat.  Name  from  Gr.  KiivitTo<^, 
concealed,  and  yijciiiinx,  line,  alluding  to  the  concealed  fructifi- 
cation.    A  boreal  genus  of  two  species. 

*»  I.  C.  acrostichoides  R.  Br.  Stipes  densely  tufted,  stra-  2^9^b' 
niiiieous;  fronds  dimorphous,  sterile  ones  on  shorter  stalks, 
tri — quadripinnatilid,  with  tootlied  or  incised  segments;  fertile 
ones  long-stalked,  less  compound,  with  narrowly  elliptical  or 
oblong-linear  pod-like  segments.  (C.  cri'spo, forma  .Ivicricana 
Hook.,  AUosonis  acrostichoides  Spreng.)  Lake  Superior,  Colo- 
rado to  California  and  northward. 

XI.     PELL>EA  Link.     CiirF-RRAKK. 

Sori  intramarginal,  t(irminal  on  the  veins,  at  first  dot-like  or 
dccurrent  on  the  veins,  at  length  confluent  laterally,  forming  a 
marginal  line.  Indusium  commonly  broad  and  membranous, 
formed  of  the  reflexed  margin  of  the  fertile  segment.  Name 
from  Gr.  TreAAo?,  dusky,  alluding  to  the  dark-colored  stipes.  In- 
cludes 55  species. 

§  I.  Chkiloit-KCTON  Fee,  Baker.  Texture  herbaceous  or  sub- 
coriaceous,  7'eins  clearly  visible,  indusium  broad,  in  most  of  the 
species  rolled  over  the  sorus  till  maturity. 

I.  P.  Breweri  D.  C.  Eaton.  Stipes  densely  tufted,  cov- 
ered with  narrow,  crisped,  fulvous  chaff;  fronds  2' — 6'  long, 
simply  pinnate,  the  pinnae  short-stalked,  6 — 8  pairs,  membra- 
nous, mostly  2-parted,  the  upper  segment  larger;  segments  ob- 
tuse, in  the  fertile  frond  narrower;  indusium  continuous,  pale; 
veins  repeatedly  forked.  Colorado  to  California  and  southward. 
«m2.  p.  gracilis  Hook.  Stipes  scattered,  slender,  2' — 3'  long,  y^9^2. 
stramineous  or  pale-brown  ;  fronds  2' — 4'  long,  i' — 2'  broad, 
ovate,  bi — tripinnatilid  ;  pitman  lanceolate-deltoid,  cut  to  the 
7 


n 

! 


'i 


,i\ 


\m 


M 
■»?(■: 


!       i 


98 


0(//^   NATIVE   FERNS  AND    THEIR   ALLIES. 


rachis  into  a  few  broad,  blunt,  slightly-lobcd  pinnules;  texiiin' 
thinly  herbaceous,  flaccid  ;  indusiuni  broad,  continuous,  mem- 
branous; veins  of  the  fertile  fronds  mostly  only  once  forked. 
{Al/osoriis  crispKS,  V2ir.  Stclleri  Milde,  A.  gnxcilis  Presl,  P ten's 
gracilis  Michx.,  P.  Stclleri  Gmelin.)  Labrador  to  Pennsylvania, 
Illinois,  Colorado,  and  northward. 

§  2.  Allosorus  Baker.  Texture  coriaceous,  the  veins  not 
perceptible  ;  indusiuni  broad,  conspicuous, 

*  Pinnules  or  segments  obtuse  or  barely  acute. 
t  Fronds  pinnate  or  bipinnate. 

2^S^1^  — "S-  P-  atropurpurea  Link.  Stipes  tufted,  2—6'  \on\i,,  dark- 
purple  ;  fronds  4' — 12'  long,  2' — 6'  broad,  lanceolate  or  ovaie- 
lanceolate,  simply  pinnate  or  bipinnate  below;  pinnules  and 
upper  pinnai  i' — 2'  long,  \'  broad  or  less,  nearly  sessile,  smooth  ; 
indusiuni  formed  of  the  slightly  altered  incurved  edge  of  the 
pinnules.  {Allosorus  atropurpureus  Kunze,  Pteris  atropurpurea 
L.,  Platylonia  atropurpurea  J.  Sm.)  Arizona,  New  Mexico, 
Texas  to  Vermont  and  northward. 

4.  P.  aspera  Baker.  Stipes  slender,  2' — 3'  long,  black 
with  scurfy  pubescence  ;  fronds  4' — 6'  long,  oblong-lanceolate, 
bipinnate  ;  pinnae  and  pinnules  deltoid-lanceolate  or  oblong, 
pinnules  next  to  main  rachis  often  lobed ;  all  of  them  roui;h  oti 
both  surfaces  with  short  harsh  hairs.  (Cheilanthes  aspera  Hook.) 
Western  Texas  and  New  Mexico. 

ft  Fronds  bi — quadripinnate,  ultimate  segments  oval  or  cordate. 

5.  P.  andromedsefolia  Fee.  Stipes  scattered,  erect,  pale- 
brown,  2' — 12'  long;  fronds  6' — 12'  long,  3' — 6'  broad,  ovate, 
bi — quadripinnate,  usually  tripinnate;  pinnae  rather  distant, 
spreading;  ultimate  pinnules  2" — 5"  long,  oval,  slightly  cordate, 
coriaceous,  the  margin  of  the  fertile  ones  sometimes  revolute  to 
the  midrib;  veins  numerous,  parallel.  {Allosorus  andromedcc- 
folius  Kaulf.,  Pteris  andromedcefolia  Kaulf.)     California. 

6.  P,  pulchella  Fee.  Stipes  densely  tufted,  3' — 8'  long, 
chafTy  at  base,  nearly  black;  fronds  3' — 9'  long,  i' — 5'  broad, 
triangular-ovate,  quadripinnate  below,  gradually  simpler  above  ; 
lower  pinnai  deltoid,  narrowly  triangular  above;  ultimate  pin- 
nules numerous,  i"— 3"  long,  oval  or  often  cordate-ovate, 
stalked,  coriaceous,  smooth,  the  edges   often    much   reflexed. 


{'■ 

N 


se 

n 
II 
(1 
c 

/ 


FII.ICES. 


99 


ItCXUliv 

nicin- 

Ptois 
'Ivania, 

"^ins  not 


{Allosorus  pitlchcllus   Miirt.    and    Gale.)     Wester*'    Texas  and' 
New  Mexico. 

ttt  Fronds  tri — quadripinnatiful ;  segments  Uncai--oblong ; 
secondary  rachtses  margined. 

7.  P.  marginata  Raker.  Stipes  tufted,  3' — 9'  long,  casta- 
neous,  shining,  sligiitly  fibrillosc  at  the.  base  ;  fronds  4' — 6'  long, 
nearly  as  broad,  deltoid  ;  the  lower  pinnae  much  the  largest ;  in- 
diisiuni  broad,  continuous,  the  margins  slightly  erose ;  texture 
chartaceous.  {Cheilanthes  marg/nata  Hook.)  Huachuca  Mts., 
Arizona  {Lenunon). 

■\--v-  Pinnules  mucronulate  or  decidedly  acute. 
t  Fronds  narrowly  linear  in  outline,  usually  bipinnate. 

8.  P.  ternifolia  Link.  Stipes  tufted,  nearly  or  quite  black, 
2' — 6'  long,  fronds  4' — 10'  long,  narrowly  linear;  pinna  usually 
9  —  15  pairs,  all  but  the  uppermost  trifoliate;  segments  com- 
monly linear,  slightly  miicronatc,  coriaceous,  sessile  or  the 
niifldle  one  indistinctly  stalked,  the  edges  much  inflexed  in  fer- 
tile fronds;  indusium  broad.  {Pleris  ternifolia  Q^w.)  Western 
Texas. 

9.  P.  brachyptera  Raker.  Stipes  2 — 8'  long,  stout,  pur- 
plish-brown ;  fronds  3' — 8'  long,  narrow  in  outline  from  the  as- 
cending secondary  rachises,  bipinnate;  pinimles  crowded,  2" — 
5"  long,  oblong-linear,  simple  or  trifoliate,  acute  or  mucronulate  ; 
margins  inflexed  to  the  midrib  in  fertile  fronds.  {P.  ornitJiopus, 
7'ar.  brachyptera  D.  C.  Eaton,  Platyloma  belluni  et  P.  b^-achypte- 
rum  Moore.)     California. 

tt  Fronds  broader,  lanceolate  to  ovate,  bi — tripinnate. 

10.  P.  ornithopus  Hook.  Stipes  tufted,  3' — 8'  hmg, 
rather  stout,  dark-brown;  fronds  very  rigid,  3' — 12'  long,  2' — 3' 
broad,  broadly  deltoid-lanceolate,  bi — tripinnate;  primary  pin- 
nx  spreading  or  obliquely  ascending,  linear,  bearing  4 — 16  pairs 
of  trifoliate  (varying  from  simple  to  5 — 7  foliate)  mucronulate 
pinnules,  \^' — 2"  long;  margins  inflexed  t3  midrib  in  fertile 
fronds.     {Allosorus  mucronatus  D.  C.  Eaton.)     California. 

11.  P.  Wrightiana  Hook.  Rootstock  short,  thick,  densely 
chaffy;  stipes  crowded,  purplish-i)rown,  4' — 6'  long;  fronds 
3' — 6'  long,  1-3'  broad,  lanceolate  t^)  deltoid,  trifoliate  at  apex. 


100      OUR   NATIl'E    FERXS  AXD    'IIIEIR   ALLIES. 


s    '■ 


'    il 


■n 


bipinnate  below;  piiiiuu  short  with  i — 2  pahs  of  long  narrow 
phinules  besides  the  terminal  one;  niucro  short,  with  margin 
broad  and  cartilaginous;  margins  of  fertile  fronds  inflexed  to 
the  midrib.  Very  variable;  forms  with  fronds  decreasing  to 
simply  pinnate  at  the  apex,  and  longer  but  less  broadly  winged 
mucro  form  7>ar.  loni^iinncroiiata  Dav.  (/'.  /oui^/iiiiicro/ia/d 
Hook.);  forms  with  pinnules  densely  crowded  are  var.  coinpacta 
Dav.  Colorado  and  Texas  to  California. 
'ISi^  ■=*•  '-•  P-  densa  Hook.  Rootstock  rather  slender,  chaflv 
with  blackish  scales;  stipes  densely  tufted,  wiry,  very  slender, 
castaneous,  3' — 9'  long;  fronds  ovate  or  triangidar-oblong, 
r — 3'  long,  densely  tripinnitte;  segments  3" — 6"  long,  linear, 
nearly  sessile,  sharp  pointed  or  mucronate,  in  the  fertile  fronds 
entire,  with  the  margin  narrowly  recurved  ;  in  the  rare  sterile 
fronds  sharply  serrate,  especiall)'-  toward  tiie  apices,  (ihiyc/i- 
ium  dcnsuiii  Brack.)  Utah  (7(W6'5),  and  Wyoming  to  California, 
Oregon,  and  northward  ;  Mt.  Albert,  Gaspe,  Quebec  {Allcti). 

%  3.  Platvloma  J.  Sm.,  Baker.  Texture  coriaceous  Jhc  veins 
usually  hidden,  f/ie  ultimate  sej^inents  broad  andjlat,  the  indusiuni 
so  uarro^iv  as  to  he  soon  hidden  by  the  fruit. 

13.  P.  Bridgesii  Hook.  Sti[)es  2' — 6' long,  tufted,  castane- 
ous ;  fronds  4' — 6'  long,  i'  or  more  broad,  simply  pinnate  ;  pinnae 
5 — 1 8  pairs,  mainly  opposite,  nearly  sessile,  glaucous  green, 
coriaceous,  rounded  or  cordate  at  the  base;  indusium  narrow, 
formed  of  the  whitish  margin  of  the  pinna,  soon  flattened  out 
exposing  the  broad  sorus.     Californi'i. 

14.  P.  flexuosa  Link.  Rootstock  creeping,  rather  slender  ; 
stipes  reddish,  passing  into  a  more  or  less  liexuous  or  zigzag 
rachis;  fronds6' — 30' long,  ovate-oblong,  bi — tri[)innatc;  second- 
ary and  tertiary  rachises  usually  deliected  and  zigzag,  rusty 
pidjerulent  or  nearly  smooth;  pinnse  mostly  alternate  ;  ultimate 
pinnides  5" — 10"  long,  roundish-ovate,  or  sub-cordate,  smooth  ; 
margins  at  first  reflexed,  soon  flattened  out.  {Allosorus  Jtexu- 
osus  Kanlf.)     Western  Texas  to  California. 

15.  P.  intermedia  Mett.  Rootstock  long,  wide  creeping, 
slender,  cliaffy  ;  stipes  scattered,  4' — 6'  long,  pinkish-stramine- 
ous, smooth;  fronds  5' — 10'  long,  3' — 8'  wide,  ovate-bipin:iate  ; 
pinnae  nearly  opposite,  remote;  i)iniudes  2 — 6  pairs,  petiolate, 
sub-coriaceous,    oval    or    cordate-ovate ;    veins    obscure ;    ra- 


FILICES. 


lOI 


I'larrow 
|niaroiii 
ped  to 

y'onatn 

chafiy 
lender, 

)l()no-, 

li/icar, 

fi'oiids 

•sterile 

Onyc/,. 

f^oriiia, 

't"'t't'lllS 

iiis/'mn 


chiscs  often  pubescent.     Iluachucu  Mountains,  South  Arizona 

{Ixmmon). 

XII.     CERATOPTERIS  Brong.     FioATiNci-KKKN. 

Sori  placed  on  two  or  three  veins  which  run  down  the  frond 
loMijiitudinally,  nearly  parallel  with  both  the  edge  and  midrib. 
Sporan<.>;ia  scattered  on  the  rece[)taclcs,  sessile,  sub-globose, 
with  a  complete,  partial,  or  obsolete  ring.  Indusia  formed  of 
the  reflexed  margins  of  the  frond,  those  of  opposite  sides  meet- 
ing at  the  midrib.  Name  from  Gr.  ictfxi:?,  horn,  and  rcrtpi?,  a 
fern.     Contains  a  single  tropical  species. 

I.  C.  thalictroides  Brong.  Stipes  tufted,  thick,  inflated, 
filled  with  large  air  cells;  fronds  succulent  in  texture. the  sterile 
ones  floating  in  quiet  water,  simple  or  slightly  divided  when 
young,  bi — tripinnate  when  mature;  fertile  ones  bi — tripinnate; 
tdtimate  segments  pod  like.     Southern  Florida. 

XIII.      LOMARIA  Willd. 

Sori  in  a  continuous  band  next  the  midrib  of  the  contracted 
pinn;e  of  the  fertile  frond,  covered  till  mature  by  an  elongate 
iiidusium,  either  formed  of  the  recurved  and  altered  margin  of 
the  pinna  or  sub-marginal  and  parallel  to  the  margin.  Veins  of 
sterile  frond  oblique  to  the  midrib,  simple  or  forked  and  free. 
Fronds  mostly  elongate,  of  two  kinds,  the  sterile  foliaceous, 
the  fertile  commonly  much  contracted.  Name  from  Gr.  Ao/ar,  a 
fringe.     Principally  south  temperate,  containing  45  species. 

55  Eur,OMARiA. 
,^  I.  L.  spicant  Desv.  (Deer-fern.)  Rootstalk  short,  thick,  ifS^S^ 
very  chally ;  fronds  tufted,  erect,  sterile  ones  nearly  sessile, 
narrowly  linear-lanceolate,  8'-  24'  long,  i' — 3'  wide,  tapering  to 
both  ends,  cut  to  the  rachis  into  oblong  or  oblong-linear  closely 
set  segments,  the  lower  ones  gradually  diminishing  to  minute 
auricles;  fertile  fronds  sometimes  three  feet  high,  long-stalked, 
pinnate ;  pinnae  somewhat  fewer  and  more  distant,  longer  and 
much  narrower  than  in  the  sterile  frond;  indusia  distinctly  in- 
tramai'ginal.  {Osinuiuia  spicant  L.,  Blcchntim  borcale  Swz.) 
California,  Oregon,  and  northward. 


i 


■ 


i  1 


I 


!     I 


I02      OUR   NATIVE   FERNS  AND    THEIR   ALLIES. 

XIV^      BLECHNUM  L. 

Sori  linear,  continuous  or  nearly  so,  parallel  with  the  inidril) 
and  usually  contij^uous  to  it.  Indusium  membranous,  distinct 
from  the  edge  of  the  frond.  Veins  usually  free.  Name  from 
Gr,  /i/le^j'o/',  an  old  name  for  some  kind  of  fern.  .A  tropical  and 
south  temperate  genus,  containing  19  species. 

§    EU BLECHNUM. 

I.  B.  serrulatum  Richard.  Stipes  6' — 12'  long,  stout, 
erect,  nearly  naked;  fronds  obl(>Mg-lanceolate,  i"" — 14°  long, 
3'— 6'  broad,  with  12 — 24  j)airs  of  distinct  linear-oblong  pinme, 
the  margins  finely  incised;  texture  c«  riaceous ;  veins  very  line 
and  close;  fertile  pinnoe  narrower.  {Blechnuin  iDigicstifoliuDi 
Willd.)     Flo-=da. 

XV.     WOODWARDIA  Sm.     CuAiN-i  ekn. 

Sori  oblong  or  linear,  sunk  in  cavities  in  the  frond,  arranged 
in  a  chain-like  row  parallel  to  the  midribs  of  the  pinna;  and 
pinnules  and  near  them.  Indusium  sub-coriaceous,  fixed  by  its 
outer  margin  to  the  fruitful  veiidet  and  covering  the  cavity  like 
a  lid.  Veins  more  or  less  reticulate.  Named  for  Thomas  J. 
Woodward,  an  English  botanist.  Contains  six  species,  mostly 
north  temperate. 

i?  I.  EuwoonWARDiA.  Fronds  uniform,  the  veins  for)niiti:; 
at  least  one  series  of  areohc  between  tJie  sori  and  inari^ins. 

I.  W.  radicans  Sm.  Caudex  stout,  erect,  and  rising  a 
little  above  the  ground  ;  stipes  stout,  8' — 12'  long;  fronds  3° — 5° 
lorig,  sub-coriaceous,  pinnate;  the  pinnai  8' — 15'  long,  2 — 4' 
broad,  oblique  to  the  rachis,  pinnatifid  nearly  to  the  midrib; 
segments  spinulose-serrate;  veinlets  forming  a  single  row  of 
oblong  sorus-bearing  areolaj  next  the  midveln,  besides  a  few 
oblique  empty  areokc  outside  the  fruiting  ones,  thence  free  to 
the  margin.     California,  Arizona. 

§  2.  Anchistra  Presl.  Fronds  tmiforni,  the  veins  free  be- 
tween the  sori  and  the  margins. 
1<JI%Ciyi  —2.  W.  Virginica  Sm.  Stipes  stout,  12' — 18'  long;  fronds 
oblong-lanceolate,  12' — 18'  long,  6' — 9'  broad;  pinnai  linear- 
lanceolate,  4' — 6'  long,  'X — i'  broad,  cut  nearly  to  the  rachis 
into  linear-oblong  lobes.     {IV.  Banisteriana  Michx.,  Blechnuni 


G 
C 


s. 


FII.ICRS. 


103 


ii! 


niidrib 
fiistiiict 
It'  fnjiii 
ical  and 


stout, 


H)|\ir_ 


Caroliniaunm  Walt.,  B.  Vt'rgi'nuiiin  L.,  Doodia  Vifxini'm  I'rcsl.) 
Canada  and  FNjrida  westward  to  Micliigan  and  Arkansas. 

§  3.  LoKiNSKRiA  Presl.  Fronds  dimorphous,  wins  cvcry- 
ivJnrc forniini^  arcohc. 

3.  W.  angustifolia  Sni.  Sterile  frond  with  slender  stipes, 
9' — 12'  long,  6' — 8'  broad,  deltoid-ovate,  with  numerous  oblong- 
lanceolate  sinuate  pinnae  ;  racliis  broadly  winged;  fertile  frond 
wit!i  an  elongate,  castaneous  stem  ;  pinnae  3' — 4'  long,  narrowly 
linear.  {^\V.onoclt'oidcs\^\\\f\.,  W.arcolaia  y\.ooxQ.,  Acrostichinn 
arcohitiDU  L.)     Maine  to  Florida,  Michigan,  Arkansas. 

XVI.     ASPLENIUM  L.     Si'l.KliNWORT. 

Sori  oblong  or  lin'^ar,  oblique,  separate;  indusium  straight 
or  rarely  curved,  opening  toward  the  midrib  when  single,  some- 
times double.  Veins  free  in  all  (jur  species.  Name  from  Gr.  a, 
without,  and  anXi'ji',  spleen.  A  cosmopolitan  genus  contain- 
ing nearly  350  species. 

§  I.  EuASi'r,KNiUM.  Veins  free,  si)nf)lc  or  branched ;  indu- 
sium straight  or  slightly  curved,  attached  to  the  upper  side  of  a 
-rein. 

*  Fronds  simple. 

1.  A.  serratum  L.  Fronds  growing  in  a  crown  from  a 
short,  stout,  erect  rootstock,  i^"" — 2^"  long,  2' — 4'  broad,  simple, 
spatulate  or  linear-oblanceolate,  the  margin  crenulate  or  irreg- 
ularly but  finely  serrate,  sub-coriaceous;  midrib  prominent, 
keeled  and  often  blackish  purple  beneath  ;  veins  closely  placed, 
free,  once  forked ;  sori  elongate,  following  the  veins  of  the 
upper  half  of  the  frond  from  near  the  midrib  halT-way  to 
the  margin  ;  indusia  single,  the  free  edge  entire.     Florida. 

**  Fronds  pinnatifid  or  pinnate  beloiv,  tapering  to  a  point. 

2.  A.  pinnatifidum  Nutt.  Stipes  tufted,  2' — 4'  long  ; 
fronds  3' — 6'  long,  i' — i^'  broad,  lanceolate,  pinnatifid,  or  pin- 
nate below,  tapering  to  a  slender  prolongation  above;  lobes 
roundish-ovate,  or  the  lowest  pair  acuminate ;  sori  numerous. 
Pennsylvania  to  Illinois,  Kentucky,  and  Alabama. 

3.  A.  ebenoides  R.  R.  Scott.  Fronds  4' — 9'  long,  broadly 
lanceolate,  pinnatifid,  pinnate  below;  apex  prolonged  and 
slender;   divisions  lanceolate  from  a  l)road  base,  the  lower  ones 


I04     OUK   A'AI/rK    /■/■A'AS  AND    THEIR   AI.IJES. 


It     M 


shorter;  stipes  black  and  polished,  as  is  the  lower  part  of  the 
midrib,  especially  l)eneatli.  Schuylkill  River,  above  Manayiuik, 
I'emisylvaiiia  {Scott)\  Havana,  Alabama  {Miss  Tuhv/'/ir); 
Canaan,  Connecticut  {.Idaiii)  ;  mar  Pou^likeepsie,  New  Ymk 
{Lo-iUn),  Jackson  County,  Illinois  {/'aifi-rson). 

*=' *  J'^roiids  oiicc  pinnate. 
t  Pinna'  \' — ;,''  /ont^,  mostly  blunt. 
X  Rachis  t/icst nut-brown  or  blackish. 

1jf2^  — 4.  A.  ebeneum  Ait.  Stipes  tufted,  3  —  6'  lonj;,  chesinui- 
brovvn,  nearly  naked;  fronds  S — 16'  lontj,  linear-lanceolate; 
pinna;  20 — 40,  lanceolate,  subfalcatc,  or  the  lower  (jblon^^,  j'  i 
long,  the  dilated  base  auricied  on  the  upper  or  both  sides; 
sori  often  10 — 12  on  each  side.  (./.  triclionianoides  Michx.) 
Florida  and  Kentucky  northward  to  Canada. 

5.  A.  parvulum  Mart.  &  Gale.  Fronds  tufted,  erect, 
rigid,  4' — 10' long,  narrowly  linear-lanceolate;  stipe  and  r;uhis 
black  and  shining;  pinnie  numerous,  oblong,  obtuse,  entire  or 
crenulate,  auricied  on  the  upper  side,  nearly  sessile;  middle 
pinna;  longest,  the  lower  gradiuiUy  shorter  and  dellexed  ;  sori 
shoit,  abundant.  {A.  cbcncuni  var.  minus,  Hook.,  .1.  rcsilii/is 
Kunze.)  Virginia,  South  Carolina,  and  Florida  to  Arkansas  and 
New  Mexico. 

?^^/y  ~~6.  A.  trichomanes  L.  Stij)es  densely  tufted,  piir|)le- 
brown,  shining  ;  fronds  3' — S'  long,  A'  or  more  broad,  linear  ; 
pinnne  15 — 30  pairs,  nearly  opposite,  roundish-oblong  or  oval, 
the  two  sides  unequal,  obliquely  wedge-truncate  at  the  base,  at- 
tached by  a  narrow  point,  the  edge  slightly  cienate,  the  mid- 
vein  forking  and  evanescent;  sori  3--6  on  each  side  of  the  mid- 
rib. {A,  mclanocaulon  Willd.)  Eastern  United  States  to  the 
Pacific  ccjast. 

Var.  incisum  Moore.  Fronds  larger,  often  4''  or  more 
broad,  pinna;  more  or  less  deeply  incised.  California,  Vermont. 
7.  A.  monanthemum  L.  Stipes  densely  tufted,  3' — 6' 
long,  chestnut-brown  ;  fronds  6' — 12  long,  narrow,  with  20—40 
pinnae  on  each  side;  pinnce  crenate  above,  abruptly  narrowed 
at  base,  often  auricied,  the  lower  much  reduced;  texture  sub- 
coriaceous;    veins   flribellate;    sori  i — 2,  linear-oblong,  parallel 


iia 
bp 
rh 
th 

CI 


m\\ 


;'.s'. 


FU.ICES. 


105 


\vi 


Ui   hnvcr   o(lj;c   of   pinnai.     Iluachucu   Mouiiiains,  Arizona 


{lA-mmoii). 

\\  Rachis  i^reen. 

—  8.    A.  vlricle    IIiuls.      Stipes    densely   tufted,    2' — 4'    long,  ^  ^^^^ 
nal<ed,  the  lower  [)art  clicstnut-brown  ;    fronds  2—6'   lonj^,  i' 
hruad,  with    12 — 20  pinnai  on   each  side,   whith  are  ovate   or 
rlir)iiil)()idal   in  outline,  tiie   upper  ed.ije  narrowed   suddi-nly  at 

the  l)ase,  the  lower  ol)li<iuely*  truncate,  the  outer  part  deeply 
crcnatc  ;  rachis  naked  ;  sori  copious.  Vermont,  Canada,  and 
New  Brunswick. 

9.  A.  dentatum  L.  Stipes  tufted,  2' — 6'  lon;<,  naked, 
ebeneous  behiw  ;  fertile  fronds  2' — 3'  louf^,  i'  broad,  with  6 — 8 
pairs  of  stalked,  oblonj^-rhoinboidal  pinn;e,  the  lower  side  trun- 
cate with  a  curve,  the  outer  ed_i;e  irrej^ularly  crenate ;  sterile 
fronds  smaller  on  shorter  stipes  ;  rachis  naked  ;  sori  copious  in 
parallel  rows.     Florida,  South  Carolina. 

\\  Pinmc  only  2 — 5,  lineay-cimeitte. 

10.  A.  septentrionale  Iloffm.  Stipes  densely  tufted,  3' — 
6  lonj^.  slender,  naked,  ebeneous  toward  tho  base;  fronds  irrejj;- 
uiarly  forking,  consisting  of  two  to  five  narrowly  linear  rather 
rigid  segments,  which  are  entire  or  more  frequently  cleft  at 
the  end  into  a  few  long  narrow  teeth  ;  sori  elongate,  placed 
near  the  margin,  usually  facing  each  other  in  pairs,  commoidy 
only  two  or  three  to  each  segment.  Ben  Moore.  New  Mexico 
(/)Vi,'('/(W) ;  Middle  Mountains,  Colorado  {Hall  and  Harbour). 

ttt  Pinnce  nunfcrous,  linear  or  linear-oblong:;,  acute  or  acuminate. 

—  II.    A.  angustifolium    Mich.x.     Stipes    i"   or   more    long,  XZffJ 
brownish,   slightly   scaly   below;    fronds    i,V°— 2°    long,   4' — 6' 
broad,   lanceolate-oblong,  flaccid  ;    pinnne  20—30   pairs,  linear- 
lanreolatc,  acuminate,  entire  or  crenulate.  those  of  the   fertile 
frond  narrower;  texture  thinly  herbaceous  ;    sori  linear,  20 — 40 

each  side  of  the  midvein.  New  England  to  Kentucky  and  Wis- 
consin. 

12.  A.  firmum  Kunze.  Stipes  4' — 8'  long,  erect,  grayish, 
naked;  fronds  6' — 12'  long,  3' — 4'  broad  ;  pinnae  12 — 20  pairs, 
oblong-lanceolate,  the  point  blunlish,  the  margin  inciso-cro- 
iiate.  the  upper  one  narrowed  suddenly  at  the  base,  the  lower 


M- 


i  I 


1 06     OUR   XATIVE   /••/•. A' A'.V  AND    TlllilK   ALLIES 

one  oblicnu'ly  truiiciiU' ;    sori   slidrt.  falling  short  of  hotli  mid. 
veui  and  niarj^in.     I'lorida.  Ari/.oiia. 

♦""*""  Fronds  hi — tn'pinuntifui. 

t  Ti'xturc  someivhat  conaccous. 

13.  A.  ruta-muraria  L.  Stipes  tiiflcd,  2' — 4' lonj;,  naknl ; 
fronds  ovatc-dt'lioid,  1-2'  loiif^:.  bi--tri|)iiinate  below,  simply 
pinnate  above  ;  the  divisions  rhoinl)ic-\ved}j;e  shaped,  toothi-d  or 
incised  at  the  apex;  veins  (laljeUaie;  sori  few,  eloiif^ate.  soon 
coiiflnent.     Vermont  to  Michigan  and  Kentucky. 

14.  A.  montanum  Willd.  Stipes  tufted,  2' — 3'  lonj^, 
naked;  fronds  2' — 5'  long,  ovate-lanceolate,  pinnate;  piima; 
3 — 7  parted  below,  incised  or  toothed  above  ;  veins  obscure; 
sori  short,  the  basal  ones  sometimes  double.  Lantern  Hill, 
Connecticut,  and  Ulster  County,  New  York,  to  Georjjjia,  Ken- 
tucky, and  Arkansas. 

15.  A.  Glenniei  liaker.  Candex  erect,  with  dark  brown, 
linear-setaceous  scales;  stipes  densely  tufted,  .V  —  i' long,  cas- 
tancous;  fronds  3' — 4'  long,  oblanceolate,  bipinnatc;  piiuia; 
20 — 25  pairs,  lancco'ate,  the  lower  gradually  reduced,  cuneate- 
truncate  ;  pinnules  5 — 6  pairs,  oblong,  toothed  or  externally 
sub-entire  ;  sori,  one  at  base  of  each  pinnule,  or  two  or  more  on 
lowest  anterior,     Huachuca  Mountains,  Arizona  {Lmiiiion). 

ft  Texture  thinly  hcrbacvous  or  mcnibranoits. 

16.  A.  Bradley!  D.  C.  Ealon.  Stipes  tufted,  2' — 3'  loniu, 
ebencous,  as  is  also  the  lower  half  of  the  rachis;  basal  scales 
brown-black,  lanceolate-acuminate  ;  fronds  3' — 7'  long,  oblong- 
lanceolate,  bipinnatifid  ;  pinnce  8--r2  pairs,  short-stalked  or 
sessile,  ovate-oblong,  the  lowest  not  reduced,  the  largest  pinnat- 
ifid  with  oblong  lobes  toothed  at  the  tip;  sori  short,  near  the 
midvein.  Ulster  County,  New  York ;  East  Tennessee,  Ken- 
tucky, and  Arkansas. 

17.  A.  rhizophyllunn  Kunze,  7>nr.  myriophyllum  Mott. 
Stipes  tufted,  2'— 6'  long;  fronds  3'— 10' long,  delicately  mem- 
branous, lanceolate,  narrowed  below,  bi — tripinnate;  ultimate 
segments  obovate-oblong,  entire  or  2 — 3  lobed  ;  veins  single  in 
each  segment,  bearing  belowthe  middle  a  solitary  oblong  sorus. 
Forms  with  fronds  narrowly  linear,  J' — i'  wide   and  widely  as- 


com 
1<1() 

ish. 

Z()l> 

cut 
are 

ofli 


iii 


v.v 

"til  lllid. 


I'll.  ICES. 


107 


naked ; 

simply 

'tiled  or 

111",  soon 


ceiiiliiij;-  7-"^  lobcd  piniuu,  are  var.  lUscaynianiiin  D.  C.  Eaton. 
FI(^rida. 

18.  A.  cicutarlum  Sw/.  Slipcs  tultcfl,  4' — 8'  loii^,  jj;rc('n« 
isli,  naked;  froiuls  6' — 15'  liMi;^',  4  -  6'  broad,  with  lo-  15  liori- 
zonliil  piiiiuc  on  each  side,  the  lower  ones  2' — 3'  loiij;,  i  broad 
cut  down  to  the  rachis  into  linear  or  obionj;  sej;tnenis,  which 
arc  once  or  twice  cleft  at  the  apex;  rachis  compressed  and 
often  winded  ;  sori  principally  in  two  rows.     Florida. 

i  1.  ArilVKll/M  Koth.  Veins  free  ;  sort  in  ore  or  less  cimwd, 
sometimes  horseshoe-shaped,  often  crossing  to  the  outer  or  lower 
siiie  of  the  frititini^  veinlet. 

—•19.  A.  tholypteroides  Mich.x.  Stipes  lonj;,  erect,  stra- >^f^^ 
iiiineons;  fn^nds  i" — 2'  lonf4',6  — 12'  broad,  bipinnatilid  ;  pinna; 
linear-lanceolaie  ;  sejjjinents  cnjwded,  oblonsj;,  niiinitely  toothed  ; 
sori  5  —  6  pairs  to  each  segment,  slii^hily  cnr\ed,  the  hnver  ones 
often  donble.  New  Filmland  to  Kentucky  and  Illinois. 
-^20.  A.  fllix-fcBmina  Hernli.  (Lady-fki^n.)  Stipes  tufted,  >^^^t^' 
6  ~- 12  lonjj;.  stramineous  or  brownisli  ;  fronds  delicate,  i^° — 3' 
loii!4,  broadly  oblong-ovate,  bipinnate;  pinnic  4' — 8' long,  lan- 
ceolate ;  pinnules  ol)long-lanceolate,  pointed,  more  or  less  pin- 
nately  incised  or  serrate,  distinct  or  confluent  on  the  secondary 
rachises  by  a  very  narrow  and  inconspicuous  margin  ;  sori 
short;  indnsium  straight  or  variously  curved.  Small  starved 
specimens  growing  in  mountainous  places  form  the  7'ar.  exile 
I).  C.  Eaton,  often  fruiting  when  3' — 6'  high.  Narrow  forms 
with  the  pinniu  obliquely  ascending  are  var.  Miehauxii  Mett. 
.{var.  ani(nstiiin  D.  C.  Eaton),  and  other  forms  equally  unim- 
portant, form  the  remaining  sixty-three  7>arieties  that  have  been 
described  of  this  species.  {Asftidiuin filix-fa'niina  Swz.,  Xephro- 
dium  asplenoides  Michx.)  Eastern  United  States  to  Utah,  Ne- 
vada, California,  and  Arizona. 

XVII.     SCOLOPENDRIUM  Sm.     IIart's-tonguk. 

Sori  linear,  elongate,  almost  at  right  angles  to  the  midvein, 
contiguous  by  twos,  one  on  the  upper  side  of  one  veinlet,  and 
the  next  on  the  lower  side  of  the  next  superior  veinlet,  thus 
appearing  to  have  a  double  indusium  opening  along  the  middle. 
Name  from  Gr.  (T;<'oAoa'ei'(5p<»',  a  centipede,  alluding  to  the  posi- 
tion of  the  sori.     Includes  live  species. 


Mi 


Io8     OUR  NATIVE  FERNS  AND    THEIR  ALLIES. 


tW^ 


>!i!i 


m^^ 


'—  I.  S.  vulgare  Sin.  Stipes  2' — 6'  long,  fibrlllose  below; 
fronds  oblong-lanceolate  from  an  auricled  heart-shaped  base, 
entire  or  undulate,  7' — 18'  long,  i' — 2'  wide,  bright  green.  (.V. 
officinarum  Svvz.,  .Ispltniuiii  scolopcndrium  L.)  Cliiitenango 
Falls  and  Janiesville,  New  York;  Woodstock,  New  Hrunswick 
{Sutlon),  Owen  Sound,  Canada  {Mrs.  Roy),  Tennessee. 

XVIII.  CAMPTOSORUS  Link.  Wai.kinc.  i.kak. 
Sori  oblong  or  linear,  irregularly  scattered  on  either  side  of 
the  reticulate  veins  of  the  simple  frond,  those  next  the  midrib 
single,  the  outer  ones  inclined  to  approximate  in  pairs,  or  to 
become  confluent  at  their  ends,  thus  forming  cro.oked  lines. 
Name  from  Gr.  Kaiinroi,  curved,  and  ctj/jo?,  a  heap.  Inchidcs 
only  two  species. 

—  1.  C.  rhizophyllus  Link.  Frondsevergreen, tufted, spread- 
ing or  procumbent,  4' — 9'  long,  lanceolate  from  an  aiirii:k'(i, 
heart-shaped  or  often  hastate  base,  tapering  above  into  a  slender 
prolongation  which  often  roots  at  the  apex.  Var.  intermedins 
Arthur  is  an  interesting  form,  differing  mainly  from  the  typical 
forms  in  having  the  base  acute,  without  proper  auricles  and 
with  a  single  fibro-vascular  bundle  in  the  stipe,  {^bitii^'-rai/iiiia 
r/iiaop/iylla  J.  Sm.,  Scolopendrimn  rhisophyUiiin  Ho(jk.,  Asph- 
niiim  rJiizopJiylluin  L.)  New  England  to  Wisconsin  and  south- 
ward ;  the  variety  in  Iowa. 

XIX.     PHEGOPTERIS    Fee-     Bkkcii-ikun. 

Sori  small,  round,  naked,  borne  on  the  back  of  the  veins 
below  the  apex.  Stipe  continuous  with  the  rootstock.  Veins 
free  or  reticulate.  Name  from  Gr.  (puyo'i,  a  beech-tree,  and 
Trrep/?,  a  fern.     Includes  95  species. 

§  I.     EuPHRGOPTERiS.      Vcins  frcc. 

*  Fronds  triana^ular,  hipinnatifid;  pinncc  sessile,  adnatc  to  a 
luifiged  rachis. 
2^^SrV  —  I.  P.  polypodioides  Fee.  Stipes6— 9' long;  f--nds longer 
than  broad,  4' — 9'  long,  4' — 6'  broad,  hairy  on  the  veins  esijeci- 
ally  bcneat'.j ;  pinn?^  linear-lanceolate,  the  lowest  pair  dellexed 
and  standing  forward,  segments  oblong,  obtuse,  entire,  the 
basal  ones  decurrent  and  adna(-;tothe  main  rachis;  sori  near 
the  margin.  (/'.  vuhj^aris  Mett.,  Polypodiiiin  p/ieji^opteris  L. .  /'. 
eonneetile  Michx.)     New  England  to  Virginia  and  westward. 


ou 

sli 

pi 
pi 

so 


'Ys 


%-\ 


■i^'-: 


UmniMMIMMM 


^w. 


FILICES. 


109 


ic  below; 
Pt-'<i  base, 
:-ceii.     (.s; 

't^tciiaiifro 
'runs  wick 

w. 

ei-  side  of 
c  iiii(jril) 
I'-s,  or  to 
lines. 
Includes 


2.    P.  hexagonoptera  Fee.      Stipes 


-iS'loi 


g,  straniine-  >  "2 


m 


e( 


i.sprcad- 
anricied, 
I  slender 
'nncd/iis 
e  typical 
cles  and 
'i^rainiiia 

d  sou  ill - 


le  veins 

Veins 

■ee,  and 


lie  io  a 
•  longer 

CS()CCI- 

cdcxed 
le,  the 
ri  near 
L../'. 
rd. 


ous,  naked;  fronds  as  broad  as  long  or  nearly  so,  7' — 12'  long, 
siijiluly  pubescent,  and  often  finely  glandular  beneath;  upper 
pinnse  oblong,  obtuse,  toothed  or  entire,  the  very  large  lowest 
pinna;  elongate  and  pinnately  lobed  ;   sori   near  the  margin  or 


icxagon- 


i'OCi/ 


some  between  the  sinus  and  tiie  midrib.     {Polypodiiiin  he 
optcruin  Michx.)     Canada  to  Illinois,  Kentucky,  and  Florida. 

**  Fronds  oblong-lanceolate,  tripinnatifid;  rachis  loingless. 

-^3.  P.  alpestris  Melt.  Rootstock  short,  thick,  erect  or  ob- 
lique; stipes  4' — 10'  long,  with  a  few  brown  spreading  scales 
near  the  base  ;  fronds  \° — 2"  long,  pinnae  deltoiri-lanceolate.  tiie 
lower  ones  distant  and  decreasing  moderately  ;  pinnules  oblong- 
lanceolate,  incised  and  toc^thed ;  sori  sn.all,  rounded,  sub- 
marginal.  {Polypodiuin  alpestre  Hoppe,  Aspidiuni  alpestre 
Swz.)     California  and  northward. 

***  Fronds  ternatejhe  three  dh'isions  petioled;  rachis  wingless. 

«-4.  P.  dryopteris  Fee.  (Oak-fkrn.)  Rootstock  slender,  ^ '^^^^ 
creeping;  fronds  broadly  triangular,  4' — 8'  wide;  the  three 
primary  divisions  1—2  pinnate;  segments  oblong,  obtuse,  entire 
or  toothed  ;  sori  near  the  margin.  {Polypodiian  dryopteris  L., 
Xephrodiinn  dryopteris  Michx.)  Noriheastern  United  States  to 
Virginia,  and  westward  to  (J)regon  and  Alaska. 
«•  Var.  Robertianum  Dav.  Stipes  6 — 10'  long,  stramineous 
when  dry,  glandular;  fronds  6' — 8'  long,  5' — 7'  wide,  deltoid- 
ovate  in  oi'.tlinc,  bipinnate,  lowest  pair  of  [)innse  far  the  largest, 
pinnatifid  or  again  pinnate;  upper  pinnae  smaller,  pinnatitid, 
lobed,  or  entire  ;  sori  copious,  forming  submarginal  rows  around 
the  segments.  {P.  calcarea  Fee.)  Minnesota  iCathcart),  Deco- 
rah,  Iowa  (//olicay),  Northeast  Territory  {Maconn). 

i  2.  GoNioi'i'KKis  Presl.  Veins  pinnate,  the  lower  veinlets 
of  contiguous  groups  uniting. 

5.  P.  tetragona  Fee.  Rootstock  creeping;  stipes  erect, 
6' — 18'  long,  naked  or  slightly  villosc;  fronds  i'  — 2'  long, 
()' — 12'  broad  ;  piniut  numerous,  spreading  3' — 6'  long,  the  lowest 
narrowed  at  the  base  and  sometimes  stalked,  deeply  pinnatilid  ; 
texture  thinly  herbaceous  ;  rachis  and  under  surface  finely  pu- 
bescent;  sori  in  rows  near  tlie  midrib.  Marion  County,  F'lorida 
{Reynolds). 


no     OUR   NATIVE  FERNS  AND    THEIR  ALLIES. 


•m 


6.  P.  reptans  D.  C.  Eaton.  Rootstock  short,  crccpiiij; ; 
stipes  3' — lo'  long,  clustered,  gray-slramincous,  slender,  naked; 
fronds  4' — 12'  long,  membranous,  softly  hairy  with  branched  or 
stellate  hairs,  oblong-lanceolate,  pinnate  with  nearly  or  q.iitc 
sessile,  oblong,  crenately  pinnatifid  pinna;,  the  apex  pinnaiifid, 
often  elongate  and  rooting;  veins  pinnate,  simple,  the  basal 
veinlets  often  anastomosing;  sori  on  the  middle  of  the  veinlets, 
rather  small,  sometimes  with  a  minute  rudimentary  indusium. 
{Polypodium  reptans  Swz.,  ylspidium  reptans  Mett.)  On  cal- 
careous rocks,  on  left  bank  of  Withlacoochee  River,  15  miles 
N.E.  from  Brooksville,  Florida  (7.  Donncll  Sniith). 


XX.       ASPIDIUM    Swz.      SUIKLD-IEUN. 

Sori  round,  borne  on  the  back  or  rarely  at  the  apex  of  ihc 
veins.  Indusium  flat  or  flattish,  orbicular  and  peltate  at  ilie 
centre,  or  cordatoreniform  and  fixed  either  centrally  or  at  ihe 
sinus.  Stipe  continuous  with  the  rootstock.  Name  from  Gr. 
dcnii8iov,A  small  shield.  A  cosmopolitan  genus  containing  350 
or  more  species. 

J^  I.  EUASPiDiUM.      Veins  anastomosing  copiously. 

1.  A.  trifoliatum  Swz.  Stipes  tufted,  1°  or  more  long. 
brownish,  scaly  at  base;  fronds  12' — 18'  long,  6' — 12'  i)road, 
with  a  large  ovate-acuminate  terminal  pinna  narrowed  or  forked 
at  the  base,  and  one  or  two  lateral  ones  on  each  side,  the  lowest 
mostly  forked;  primary  veins  distinct  to  the  margin;  arcoke 
fine,  copious,  with  free  included  veinlets;  sori  in  rows  near  the 
main  veins;  indusia  orbicular,  peltate.  Florida,  Western 
Texas. 

^  2.  Cyrtomium  Presl.  Indusium  peltate;  fronds  simply 
pinnate  ivit/i  broad  pinner;  veinlets  usually  uniting  slightly  near 
the  margin. 

2.  A.  juglandifolium  Kunze.  Stipes  tufted,  clothed  below 
with  large  scales;  fronds  6' — 2°  long,  coriaceous;  pinnre  2 — 12 
pairs,  short-stalked,  ovate-oblong  or  broadly  lanceolate,  the  ter- 
minal one  distinct,  and  in  small  fronds  tiie  largest,  appressed- 
serrulate,  smooth  on  both  surfaces;  veins  pinnate,  the  veinlets 
few,  free  or  uniting  near  the  margin;  sori  scattered  in  several 
irregular  rows.     Western  Texas,  Arizona. 

§  3.     P(JLV.STicHUM   Roth.     Indusium  orbicular  and  entire, 


Tcepiiij^-; 
'.  naked  ; 
"ched  or 
or  q.iitc 
niiatifid, 
ic  basal 
vein  lets, 
tliisiuni. 
On  cal- 
15  miles 


s  of  the 
i  at  the 
>r  at  the 
I'oni  Gr. 
iinj;35o 


c    lonij;-. 

l)road, 

!•  forked 

-  lowest 

ateoUe 
lear  the 
V^estern 

simply 
'ly  near 

\  below 
^  2—12 
he  ter- 

resscd- 
einlets 
leveral 

entire. 


FILICES. 


in 


peltate,  fixed  by  the  depressed  centre;  pinna  and  pinnules  usually 
auriclcd  oti  the  upper  side  at  base,  miicronately  serrate;  veins  free. 

*  Fronds  simply  pimiate. 
t  Fronds  long-stalked,  lanceolate. 

-•»3.  A.  acrostichoides  Swz.  (Christmas-fern.)  Stipes  V-i^/^ 
6' — 8'  long,  densely  clothed  below  with  pale-brown  lanceolate 
scales;  fronds  t° — 2°  high,  3' — 5'  broad  ;  pinnae  lineur-lanceolate, 
somewhat  falcate,  half-halberd-shaped  at  the  base,  serrulate 
with  appressed  bristly  teeth  ;  the  fertile  ones  contracted  and 
smaller,  bearing  contiguous  sori  near  the  middle,  soon  covering 
the  entire  surface.  A  form  with  cut-lobed,  often  strongly  fal- 
cate pinnse,  set  obliquely  to  the  rachis,  and  with  the  tips  of 
nearly  all  bearing  sori,  is  the  7>ar.  incisuni  Gray.  {Nephrodium 
acrostichoides  Michx.)  New  England  to  Florida,  Mississippi, 
and  northward. 

'-«.4.  A.  munltum  Kaulf.  Stipes  4' — 12'  long,  chaffy  like  the  20J6' 
rachis  with  brown  scales;  fronds  growing  in  a  crown,  1° — ^° 
long,  tapering  slightly  toward  the  base;  pinnae  numerous, 
linear-acuminate,  3' — 4'  long,  very  sharply  and  often  doubly 
serrate,  with  appressed  needle  like  points;  sori  numerous,  form- 
ing a  single  row  each  side  of  the  midrib  half-way  to  the  margin. 
California  and  northward. 

tt  Fronds  scarcely  stalked,  linear-lanceolate. 

*.v  5.  A.  lonchitis  Swz.  (HoLLV-FKRN.)  Fronds  9'— 20' long,  )cJ<?/J 
rigid  ;  pinnae  T  or  more  long,  broarlly  lanceolate-falcate  or  the 
lowest  triangular,  strongly  auricled  on  the  upper  side,  the  lower 
obliquely  truncate,  densely  spinulose-toothed  ;  sori  contiguous 
and  near  the  margin.  Canada  and  Wisconsin  to  Utah  {Jones), 
Castle  Lake,  Siskiyou  County,  California  {Pringle),  Mt.  Peddo, 
Washington  Territory  {Suksdorf),  and  northward. 

**  Fronds  bipinnate  or  learly  so. 

6.  A.  mohrioides  Bory.  Stipes  tufted,  2' — 6'  long,  more  or 
less  densely  clothed  with  lanceolate  dark-brown  scales ;  fronds 
6' — 12'  long,  2' — 3'  broad,  with  numerous  dense,  often  imbri- 
cated, lanceolate  pinnae,  which  are  cut  below  into  slightly 
toothed  oblong  rhomboidal  pinnules;  teeth  blunt  or  mucro- 
natc ;    texture  coriaceous;   both  surfaces  naked;    rachis  stout. 


(! 


i  1 


1£  ' 


112      OUR  NATIVE  FEAWS  AND    THEIR  ALLIES. 


compressed,  scaly;  veins  close,  ininiersed;  sori  copious.  Calu 
fornia. 
3C/6  -  ■7-  A.  aculeatum  Swz.  Rootstock  stout,  erect ;  stipes  vari- 
able in  length,  very  chafTy  with  large  and  small  scales  inter- 
mixed as  in  the  rachis;  fronds  i° — 2°  long,  growing  in  a  crown, 
oblong- lanceolate,  pinnate;  pinnae  closely  placed,  lanceolate 
from  a  broad  base,  mostly  curved  upwards,  incisely  pinnatilul  or 
again  pinnate;  segments  or  pinnules  of  varial)le  shape,  oval- 
rhomboidal,  or  unequally  triangular-ovate  and  auriculate  on  the 
upper  side  of  the  slightly  stalked  base,  the  teeth  aculeate  in 
various  degrees;  under  surface  more  or  less  chatYy-librillose; 
sori  in  two  rows,  on  the  segments  nearer  the  midvein  than  tlie 
edge.     California,  Mt.  Peddo,  Washington  Territory  {Suksdorf), 

F^rr.  Californicum  D.C.Eaton.  Fronds  elongate,  narrow, 
tapering  slightly  at  the  base;  pinnae  but  slightly  incised  above 
the  middle,  more  and  more  deeply  cleft  toward  the  rachis,  the 
lower  superior  segment  largest,  but  scarcely  distinct  as  a  pin- 
nule, and  not  at  all  auricled.  {.I.  CalifornicHin  D.  C.  Eaton. j 
California. 

Var.  angulare  D.  C.  Eaton.  Fronds  oblong-lanceolal(\ 
scarcely  or  not  at  all  narrowed  at  the  base,  fully  bipinnate ;  pin- 
nules distinctly  short-stalked,  mostly  auricled  and  slightly  in- 
cised ;  the  basal  one  largest  and  again  pinnatilul;  under  sur- 
face chafTy-fibrillose.  (//.  angulare  Willd.)  California. 
—  Var.  Braunii  Koch.  Fronds  oblong-lanceolate;  piniix  nu- 
merous, oblong-'anceolate,  the  lower  gradually  reduced  in  size 
and  obtuse  ;  pinnules  ovate  or  oblong,  truncate  and  almost 
rectangular  at  the  base,  sharply  toothed,  beset  with  long  soft 
hairs  as  well  as  chaffy  ones.  (//.  Braunii  Spenner.)  Maine  to 
New  York  and  northward. 

§  4.  Nepitrodium  Rich,  Indiisiuni  cordato-rcniforni  or 
orbicular  ivil/i  a  narrow  sinus  ;  veins  free. 

*  Texture  tliin-inernbranous,  veins  simple  or  once  forked, 
fronds  bipinnatifid. 

t  Lowest  pinnce  gradually  reduced  to  mere  lobes. 

jf^6'2)C— 8.  A.  Noveboracense  Swz.  Rootstock  slender,  creep- 
ing; fronds  1° — 2"  long,  4' — 6'  broad,  lanceolate,  tapering  both 
ways  from  the  middle  ;  pinnae  lanceolate,  the  two  or  more  lowest 


pai 
br( 
vci 
mc 


r-s'. 


FILICES. 


i'3 


c;. 


Ul 


>e.s  vari- 

!s  inter- 

crowii, 

pceolate 

ptilid  or 

on  the 
leatc  11) 
'rillcjsc;; 
lan  the 

1  arrow, 

above 

lis,  tlie 

a  i)ii]. 

aton.) 

teohite, 
2;  \)\n~ 
tJy  in- 
2r  sur- 

ac;  i)u- 
n  size 
Jinost 
:  soft 
ne  to 

n  or 


'ep- 
oth 

est 


pairs  gradually  shorter  and  deflexcd,  those  of  the  barren  frond 
broader;  segments  flat,  oblong.  l)asal  ones  often  enlarged; 
veins  simple  or  forked  in  basal  lobes ;  sori  distinct,  near  the 
margin;  indusium  minute,  the  margin  glanduliferous.  {A.thc- 
lyptcroides  Svvz.,  Polypodiuvi  Nin'eboracoisc  L.,  Ncphrodium 
Novcboracensc  Desv.,  Lastrea  Novcboraccusis  J.  Sm.)  North 
Carolina  to  Arkansas  and  northward. 

9.  A.  conterminum  Willd.,  var.  strigosum  D.  C.  Eaton. 
Rootstock  stout,  erect,  often  extending  a  foot  above  the  ground, 
bearing  a  crown  of  fronds ;  stipes  very  stout,  narrowly  wing- 
margined  at  the  base  ;  fronds  1° — 4''  long,  lanceolate  in  outline, 
caudate-acuminate,  much  narrowed  at  the  base,  somewhat 
rigid,  pinnate ;  pinnoe  sessile,  narrowly  lanceolate  from  a 
broader  base,  acuminate,  deeply  pinnatifid  into  oblong,  ob- 
liquely sub-falcate,  obtuse  segments;  under-surface  copiously 
dotted  with  resinous  globules  ;  veins  free,  simple;  sori  near  the 
margin;  indusium  reniform,  minute,  glandular,  somewhat 
pilose,  evanescent.  (./.  stn'oosum  Fee,  Nephrodium  conter- 
minum Desv.  in  part.)     Florida. 

ID.  A.  Nevadense  D.  C.  Eatoii.  Rootstock  creeping, 
densely  covered  with  the  persistent  bases  of  former  stalks  ; 
fronds  in  a  crown,  i^° — 3°  long,  lanceolate;  pinnaj  linear-lanceo- 
late from  a  broad  base,  deeply  pinnatifid,  the  lower  pairs  distant 
and  gradually  reduced  to  mere  auricles  ;  segments  crowded,  ob- 
long, slightly  hairy  on  the  veins  beneath,  and  sprinkled  with 
minute  resinous  particles;  veins  about  seven  pairs  to  a  lobe; 
sori  close  to  the  margin  ;  indusium  minute,  furnished  with  a 
few  dark-colored  marginal  glands,  and  bearing  several  straight 
jointed  hairs  on  the  upper  surface.     California. 

^«  II.  A.  oreopteris  Swz.  Rootstock  short,  erect  or  decum-  J^^ 
bent,  scaly;  stipes  short,  tufted,  scaly  below;  fronds  1^° — 2° 
long,  firm,  membranous,  broadly  lanceolate,  gradually  tapering 
and  attenuated  below,  glandular;  pinnae  2' — 3'  long,  sessile 
from  a  .broad  base,  lanceolate-acuminate,  deeply  pinnatifid, 
gradually  shorter  to  the  lowest,  which  are  more  distant,  deltoid, 
and  less  than  \  long;  segments  flat,  nearly  entire,  oblong  ;  sori 
quite  marginal ;  indusia  delicate,  membranous,  more  or  less 
toothed  at  the  margin.  {Xcphrodium  oreopteris  Desv.,  N.mou- 
8 


I 


114     OUK   NATIVE  FERNS  AND    THEIR  ALLIES. 


m 


tantim  Baker.)     Unalaska,  Mount   Dawson,  Briiish  Columbia 
{^Macoun). 

ft  Lcnucr  pinme  little  smaller  than  those  ab(n>e. 

2)^03^  —  12.  A.  thelypteris  Swz.  (Maksh-ff.RN.)  Rootstock  slen- 
der; fronds  i" — 2°  long,  4'— 6'  broad,  lanceolate,  pinnai  mostly 
horizontal,  linear-lanceolate  ;  segments  oblong,  entire,  obtuse 
or  appearing  acute  in  fruit  from  tbe  strongly  rcvolute  margins; 
veins  mostly  forked,  bearing  the  sori  near  their  middle  ;  indusia 
minute,  smooth,  and  naked.  {Polypodiion  thelypteris  L.,  A^- 
phrodiuin  thelypteris  Dqsw.  ,  Lastrea  thelypteris  ].  Sm.)  North- 
ern United  States  to  Florida. 

13.  A.  patens  Swz.  Rootstock  rather  stout,  bearing  several 
fronds  at  the  growing  end  ;  fronds  2° — 3°  long,  4' — 10'  broad, 
ovaie-oblong,  softly  pubescent  beneath;  pinnai  closely  placed, 
linear-acuminate,  lowest  pair  somewhat  deflexed,  all  cut  three- 
fourths  of  the  way  to  the  midrib  ;  segments  numerous,  acuiish, 
basal  ones  longest;  veinlets  evident,  lowest  ones  of  adjoining 
segments  often  uniting;  sori  near  the  margin;  indusia  very 
pubescent.     {A.  violle  Kunze.)     Florida  to  California. 

**  Texture  firmer  or  sub-coriaceous,  veins  for  hi/it;;  freely. 
t  Fronds  pinnate;  pinmc  cut  into  spreadini^  triangular  lobes; 
sori  confluent. 

14.  A.  unitum  R.  Br.,  TAi'r.  glabrunn  Mett.  Stipes  1° — ii° 
long,  brownish,  naked;  fronds  i^°  or  more  long,  5'— 8'  broad  ; 
piniiiX  narrow,  cut  from  one  third  to  half-way  down  into  sharp, 
pointed  lobes;  lower  pinnae  not  reduced  ;  veins  pinnate  in  the 
broad  lobes  with  6 — 8  veinlets  on  each  side,  the  lower  ones  of 
contiguous  groups  united  ;  sori  near  the  ends  of  the  veins  prin- 
cipally in  the  lobes.     Florida. 

tt  Fyonds  bipinnatifid  or  bipinnate ;  indusia  rather  large ; 
segments  not  spinulose. 

X  Fronds  small,  narrotuly  lanceolate, 

30i%  "~  '5-  ^-  fragrrans  Swz.  Fronds  4' — 12'  high,  glandular  and 
aromatic;  pinnae  linear-oblong,  pinnately  parted;  segments 
toothed  or  nearly  entire,  nearly  covered  beneath  with  the  very 
large  thin  imbricate  indusia,  which  are  orbicular  with  a  narrow 
ginus,  the  margin  ragged  and  sparingly  glandulifcrous.     {Nc- 


S^:^  '.(iaK^'a^l.^.-sss'K^i-teaiKz'i.BJXiaastx  mfm 


-olunibia 


ock  slen- 
mostly 
-.  obtuse 
'n:'i"S:ins; 
i'ltiiisia 
L..  A^. 
Nortli- 

:  several 
broad, 

placcfl, 
t  tlirec- 
aciiiLsIi, 

^ia  very 

V  lobes; 

broad  ; 
sharp, 
in  the 
lies  of 
s  pri/i- 


Wgc; 


r  and 

nents 

very 

rrow 

(/IV- 


FILICES, 


115 


phrodiinn  frai^rans  Rich.)     Nev/  England,  New  York  to  Wis- 
consHi,  and  northward. 

\\  Fronds  larger,  mostly  2° — 4°  high, 
A.     Fronds   hipinnatifid  or   nearly   twice  pinnate ;   indusia 
large,  thinnish  and  Jlat. 

16.  A.  Florldanum  D.  C.  Eaton.  Stipes  6' — 10'  h>ng, 
sparingly  clothed  with  ovate  scales;  fronds  lanceolate,  18' — 20 
long,  5' — 8'  broad  ;  fertile  pinnce  confined  to  the  upper  half  of 
the  frond,  narrowly  lanceolate,  cut  down  to  the  narrowly 
winged  secondary  rachises  i!ito  oblong,  distinct  pinnules;  the 
sterile  pinna;  broader,  shorter  and  sub-deltoid  below,  less 
deeply  cut.  {A.  cristatum,  var.  Floridannni  Hook.,  Nephro- 
diiiin  Floridaniim  Hook.)     Florida. 

—  17.  A.  cristatum  Swz.  Fronds  linear-oblong  or  lanceolate  XJfc^^J" 
in  outline,  1° — 2°  long;  oinnse  short,  2' — 3'  long,  triangular-ob- 
long or  the  lowest  nearly  triangular,  deeply  pinnatitid  ;  seg- 
ments 6 — 10  pairs,  finely  serrate  or  cut-toothed  ;  sori  as  near 
the  midvein  as  the  margin;  indusia  smooth,  naked.  {A.  Lan- 
eastriense  Spreng.,  Nephrodiitni  cristatum  Michx.,  Lastrea  cris- 
tata  Presl.)     Canada  to  Arkansas. 

'"^Var.  Clintonianum  D.C.Eaton.  Fronds  much  larger, '>' 
2i — 4"  long;  pinnai  oblong  lanceolate,  broadest  at  base,  4' — 6 
long,  r — 2'  broad,  deeply  pinnaiifid;  segments  8 — 16  pairs, 
crowded  or  distant,  liiiear-oblong,  obscurely  serrate;  veins  pin- 
nately  forking,  bearing  the  sori  near  the  midvein.  New  Eng- 
land, New  York,  and  westward. 

••18.  A.  Goldieanum  Hook.  Fronds  broadly  ovate,  2" — 4°X3^^6 
long;  pinnai  6' — 9'  long,  broadest  in  the  middle,  pinnately 
parted;  tlie  segments  about  20  paiis,  oblong-linear,  sub-falcate, 
serrate  with  appressed  teeth  ;  veins  bearing  the  sori  very  near 
tiie  midvein  ;  indusia  very  large,  orbicular  with  a  narrow  sinus. 
{Ncphrodiian  Goldieanum  Hook.,  Lastrea  Goldieana  J.  Sm.) 
Canada  to  Kentucky. 

H.     Fronds  mostly  bipinnate  ;  indusia  convex,  without  mar- 
ginal glands. 

—.19.    A.  filix-mas    Swz.     (Male-FRRN.)     Rootstock    short,    300/ 
stout;  fronds  in  a  crown,  1° — ^3"  high,   broadly  oblong  lanceo- 
late, slightly  narrowed  toward  the  base,  hipinnatifid  or  bipin- 


Il6     OUR  NATIVE  FERNS  AND    TIIEIK  ALLIES. 


m 


nate  ;  pinnules  oblong,  smooth,  polished  beneath,  the  iarj;cr 
ones  piimately  incised  ;  sori  large,  near  the  midvein,  coninionlv 
on  the  lower  half  or  two  thirds  of  the  segment ;  indiisia  firm, 
smooth  ;  rachis  more  or  less  chaffy.  {Ncphrpdium  fi//.\-iiiiu 
Rich.,  Lastrca  filix-vias  Presl.)  Canada  to  Colorado,  Arizona, 
California,  and  Oregon. 
3C0^Y  —20.  A.  marginale  Swz.  Fronds  smooth,  nearly  coriaceous 
in  texture,  6' — 2°  long,  ovate-oblong;  pinna;  lanceolate,  broad-jst 
just  above  the  base  :  pinnules  oblong  or  oblong-falcate,  entire  or 
crenately  toothed  ;  sori  close  to  the  margin,  {Polypodiitm  iiuv- 
giiuile  L.,  Nephrodiuin  inari^inalc  Michx.,  Lastrca  marginalis 
J.  Sm.)     Northern  United  States  and  Canada. 

\\\  Fronds  bipinnate  or  tripinnatifid;  segments  spimilosetootlud. 

sees'  —21.  A.  rigidum  Swz.,  7'ar.  argutum  D.  C.  Eaton.  Root- 
stock  short,  stout;  fronds  in  -i  crown  on  chafTy  stalks,  half- 
evergreen,  smooth  above,  paler  aad  more  or  less  glandular  be- 
neath, i" — 3°  high,  ovate-lanceolate  or  triangular-lanceolate, 
bipinnate;  pinna?  broadly  oblong-lanceolate,  the  lowest  ones 
broadest,  scarcely  shorter  than  the  middle  ones;  pinnules  ol)- 
long,  incised  or  doubly  serrate  with  spiuulose  teeth  ;  indusia 
firm,  convex,  the  edge  bearing  short-stalked  glands.  (^1.  argu- 
tum Kaulf.)     California,  Oregon. 

^^10  — *22.  A.  spinulosum  Swz.  Stipes  with  a  few.  pale-brown, 
deciduous  scales;  fronds  ovate-lanceolate,  bipinnate,  the  pinna; 
oblique  to  the  rachis,  elongate-triangular,  the  lower  paiis 
broadly  triangular ;  pinnules  oblique  to  the  midrib,  connected 
by  a  very  narrow  wing,  oblong,  incised  or  pinnatifid  \..th  lobes 
spinulose  toothed;  indusia  smooth  without  marginal  glands. 
{Nephrodiuin  spinulosum  Desv.  Lastrea  spinulosa  Presl.) 
Canada  and  Northern  United  States. 
-4  .-^Var.  intermedium  D.  C.  Eaton.  Scales  of  the  stipes  few, 
brown  with  a  darker  centre;  fronds  oblong-ovate,  hi— tripiii- 
nate;  pinnae  spreading,  oblong-lanceolate,  the  lowest  unequally 
triangular-ovate;  pinnules  crowded,  pinnately  dividerl ;  margin 
of  indusium  denticulate  and  beset  with  stalked  glands.  (A.  in- 
terjnedium  Willd.,  A.  Americanuni  Dav.)  Canada  to  Tonnes- 
see. 
.^Var.    dilatatum   Horneman.     Scales  of  the   stipes    largo, 


br 
ov 
of 

/. 
I) 


i 


?r?:'-  ■i"ii4V.-.'J'?^VJ«M 


lie  larocr 
pninioiilv 
fisia  fini,, 

|^nzon;i, 

Iriaccoijs 
jbroadest 
pit  ire  or 
\iin  tiiar- 
yX  ill  all's 

■foot /led. 

Root- 
l^'s,  half- 
ular  l)c- 
ceolate, 
St  ones 
lies  ob- 

iiidusia 
.  argil. 


FILICRS. 


I'/ 


brown, 
piniiai 

pairs 
nccted 

lobes 
'ands. 
^resl.) 

ripiii- 
lually 
:iroi,) 
/.  ///- 
iiu\<;- 

u-f^e, 


brown  with  a  darker  centre;  fronds  broadly  ovate  or  triangular- 
ovate,  oftenest  tripinnate;  pinnules  lance-oblong,  the  lowest 
often  much  elongated  ;  indusia  smooth  and  naked.  (./.  dila- 
(dtuin  Swz.  A.  ca)iipyIopti'rmn  Kunze.,  Nephrodium  dilatatum 
Desv..  Lastrca  dilatata  j.  Sm.)  A  dwarf  form  is  var.  dio/ie- 
tontm.    Canada  and  New  England  to  Oregon. 

—  23.  A.  Boottii  Tuckerman.  Scales  of  the  stipes  pale-brown  ;  3oy^ 
fronds  elongate  oblong  or  elongate  lanceolate  in  outline;  pin- 
nules broadly  oblong,  very  obtuse,  the  lower  pinnatifid,  the 
upper  and  smaller  merely  serrate  ;  indusia  minutely  glandular. 
(./.  spi/iii/osiDii,  var.  Boottii  Gray.)  New  England,  New  York, 
and  northward. 

24.  A.  patulum  Swz.  Stipes  tufted,  8' — 12'  long,  stra- 
mineous, scaly  at  base;  fronds  pale  green,  i" — 2°  long,  6' — 12' 
broad,  ovate-lanceolate;  pinnae  lanceolate  or  the  lower  subdel- 
toifl;  rachis  and  both  surfaces  naked  ;  sori  in  rows  midway  be- 
tween ciV^i^  and  midrib ;  indusium  conspicuous,  naked.  {A\p/iro- 
diinn  patulum  Baker,  A'^,  Mcxicanum  Hook.  Distributed  by 
Lemmon  as  A.  Kariuinskyanuni.)  Huachuca  Mountains,  Arizona 
{^Lcmiiion). 

XXI.     NEPHnOLEPIS    Schott. 

Sori  round,  arising  from  the  apex  of  the  upper  branch  of  a 
vein,  usually  near  the  margin.  Indusia  reniform  or  roundish. 
Veins  all  free,  the  fronds  simply  pinnate,  the  pinnai  articulated 
at  the  base,  and  bearing  wliite  cretaceous  dots  on  the  upper 
surface.  Name  from  Gr.  j'e0/joL>5,  a  kidney,  and  Xeni<i,  a  scale. 
A  tropical  and  sub-tropical  genus  containing  seven  species. 

1.  N.  exaltata  Schott.  Stipes  tufted,  4' — 6'  long,  naked  or 
slightly  scaly;  fronds  i°— 6°  long,  3' — 6'  broad;  pinnae  close, 
lanceolate,  the  edge  entire  or  slightly  crenate,  the  upper  side 
auricled  at  the  base,  the  lower  rounded  ;  rachis  nearly  naked  ; 
sori  sub-marginal ;  indusia  firm,  distinctly  reniform.  Florida; 
frequent  in  cultivation. 

2.  N.  acuta  Presl.  Stipes  tufted,  4' — 8'  long,  naked  or 
slightly  scaly;  fronds  2° — 4"  long,  8' — 12'  broad;  pinnae  4' — 8' 
long,  ^ — i'  broad,  acute,  entire  or  slightly  crenate,  the  upper 
side  auricled,  tlie  lower  rounded  at  base  ;  rachis  and  both  sides 
nearly  naked;  sori  submarginal ;   indusia  suborbicular,  subpel- 


r  li 


i  \ 


Il8      OU/^  NATIVE   FKh'iYS  AX  J)    Till'.  IK   Allll'.S 


it1;;;'i! 


1% 


tate.      South   bank   of   Miami    River,    Florida. 
{Jloh/i-n). 


Marcii,    1S87 


XXII.     CYSTOPTERIS  Bernh-     Hi.addi.r-i  krn. 

Sori  roundish,  borne  on  the  back  of  the  veins.  Indusium 
delicate,  hood-like,  or  arched,  attached  by  a  broad  base  on  the 
inner  side  partly  under  the  sorus,  early  openini^,  frcert  the  other 
side,  and  thrown  back  cjr  witherinji;  away.  Veins  free.  N;uiie 
from  Gr.  k-i^ot/?,  a  bladder,  and  7rre/j/?,  a  fern,  alluding  to  the  in- 
flated indusia.  Found  in  the  temperate  zones  of  both  hemis- 
pheres;  contains  five  species. 

*  Fronds  oiiatc-lanceohite,  bi — tripitinate. 

'iOlfl^  "^  \.  C.  bulbifera  Rernh.  Stipes  4'— 6'  lon^^;  fronds  lan- 
ceolate, elongate,  i" — 2°  lon^,  bi — tripinnatilid,  pinme  lanceo 
late-oblong;  pinnules  crowded,  toothed  or  pinnatifid;  rachis 
wingless,  often  bearing  bull)lets  underneath  ;  indusia  short,  trun- 
cate on  the  free  side.  {Aspidhim  bullu'fcruDi  '^\sz.,  Nephrodium 
bulbifcnim  Michx.)  New  Enghuul  to  Virginia  and  North 
Carolina. 

ZOiy^  -—2.  C.fragills  Rernh.  Fronds oblong-lanccolatc,  4' — 8  long, 
r — 2^'  broad,  bi— tri[)innate;  pinnai  and  pinnules  lanceolate  or 
ovate  in  outline,  decurrent  along  the  margined  or  winged 
rachis;  indusia  tapering  or  acute  at  the  free  v:nd.  Narrower, 
less  divided  specimens,  barely  bipiimate  with  obtuse  and  blnnlly 
toothed  pinnules  form  the  7>ar.  dcntafa  Hook.  Like  many 
other  so-called  varieties  it  passes  insensibly  into  the  typical 
form.  {Aspi'diiim  tcnuc  Swz.)  New  England  to  Arizona,  Cali- 
fornia, and  northward. 


bo  I'll 


**  Fronds  dc/foid-ora/c,  tri — quadripinnate. 

—•3.  C.  montana  Rernh.  Rootstalk  long,  slender,  creeping; 
stipes  6' — 9'  long,  slender;  fronds  about  6'  each  way;  lowest 
p  mae  deltoid-lanceolate,  much  larger  than  those  above,  their 
inferior  pinnules  i' — i^'  long;  segments  cut  to  the  rachis  into 
oblong  lobes,  deeply  and  sharply  toothed ;  sori  numerous. 
Colorado  {Brandci:;cc),  north  shore  of  Lake  Superior,  Labrador 
{Butler),  Mt.  Albert,  Gaspe,  Quebec,  and  northward  to  Alaska. 


: 


I 


(eril 
Indl 
lixcl 

alU 


pu 


it 


'■fll,  IS87 


'I'liisiuni 

<e  on  the 

'le  other 

Name 

o  the;  u). 

heiiiis- 


FU.ICES. 


XXIII.     ONOCLEA    L. 


119 


ifls  hm- 

lanceo- 

rachis 

>rt.triin. 

North 


Sori  round,  borne  on  the  back  of  tlie  veins  of  the  contracted 
fertile  frond,  and  (piite  concealed  by  their  revo'.ute  margins. 
Iiidiisiuni  very  tfiin  incinbranous,  heinispiieric  or  hood-like, 
lixcd  at  the  inferior  side  of  the  sorus.  Fronds  conspicuously 
dimorphous.  Name  from  Gr.  oyo^,  a  vessel,  and  ^Xt-if-w,  to  close, 
alhidiiig  to  the  fertile  fronds.  A  cold  temperate  genus  contain- 
ing three  species. 

4;  I.  EucJNOCLEA.  Vi/ns  of  sterile  frond  copiously  aiias/o- 
mosi'ni^. 

—  I.  O.  sensibilis  L.  (Sknshivk-FKKN.)  Fertile  fronds  bi- X 3^-2^7 
pinnate,  much  contracted  ;  pinnules  short,  usually  rolled  up  and 
converted  into  berry-shaped  closed  involucres,  and  forming  a 
one-sided  panicle;  sterile  fronds  broadly  triangular,  deeply  pin- 
natifid  into  lanceolate-oblong  pinna.*,  vvh'ich  are  entire,  undulate, 
or  the  lowest  pair  sinuate  [jinnatifid  ;  veins  copiously  anasto- 
mosing. In  7>ar.  obtusilobala  Torr.  the  sterile  fronds  are  again  ^ 
pinnatilid,  more  or  less  contracted  and  revolute,  and  bear  a  few 
sori.     New  England  to  Florida  and  Kansas. 

4J  2 ,  S  r  R  u  r  n  I  ( )  P'l'  E  R I  s  W  i  1 1  d .  Veins  all  free. 
-«.2.  O.  struthiopteris  HolTm.  (OSTRICH-FERN.)  Fertile  >^  ^^-^^ 
fronds  i" — iV  long,  simply  pinnate  with  necklace-shaped  pinnae 
formed  of  the  strongly  revolute  margins ;  sterile  fronds  2° — 6" 
long,  growing  in  a  crown,  broadly  lanceolate,  bipinnatifid,  the 
lowest  pinnae  gradually  much  shorter;  veins  pinnate,  free  and 
simple;  sori  crowded  and  confluent.  Sterile  fronds  are  some- 
times partially  contracted  and  bear  sori  analogous  to  var. 
obtusilobata  above,  {p.  Gertnanica  Willd.,  O.  uoiiulosa  Michx., 
Struthiopteris  Pennsyhuuiica  Willd.,  .S".  Gertnanica  Willd., 
Osmunda  struthiopteris  L.)     New  England  to  Illinois. 

XXIV.     WOODSIA    R.  Br. 

Sori  round,  borne  on  the  back  of  simply  forked  free  veins. 
Indusium  inferior,  thin  and  often  evanescent,  either  small  and 
o])en,  or  early  bursting  at  the  top  into  irregular  pieces  or  lobes. 
Named  for  Joseph  Woods,  an  English  botanist.  A  genus  of 
high  temperate  or  boreal  latitudes  including  15  species. 

4?  I.    Euwooo.siA.     Indusium  minute  or  evanescent,  open  and 


I   1 


H 


I20     OUK   .WATIVE    FERXS   AM)    TlllUR    ALLIES. 


Jlat  from  an  airly  statue,  conccalt'd  under  the  sorus,  its  ni,oxiii 
chft  into  slender  hairs  or  cilia. 

*  Stipes  obscurely  jointed  near  the  base ;  cilia  of  the  indiisium 
/oni,'',  injlexed  over  the  sporaniria. 

t  Fronds  thickly  ilothed  underneath  with  rusty  bristle-like 
chaff. 

SOit/Y'-^i.  W.  Ilvensis  R.  Rr.  Fronrls  broadly  lanceolate,  smooth- 
isli  above,  pinnate;  pinme  crowded,  sessile,  pinnalelv  parted, 
the  crowded  sejj;nients  oblcMijj;,  obscurely  crenate;  sori  near  tiie 
margin,  somewhat  conlhient  when  old.  ('/'.  rufidula  Heck., 
Acrostiihuin  Ilvense  L.,  Poly/>otliuin  /li'ense  Swz.,  Xephrodiuiii 
rufiduluni  Michx.,  Aspidiuni  rufiduluni  VVilld.)  V^irgiiiia  to 
Kentucky,  westward  and  northward. 

ft  Fronds  i^labrous  or  nearly  so. 

21123     -^--   W.  hyperborea   R.    Hr.     Stipes   and   rachis  sometimes 
slightly  hairy;  fronds  linear-lanceolate,  pinnate;  pinme  corda- 
to-ovate,  pinnaiifid  with  few  (5—7)  broadly  obovate  entire  lo'  •« 
Vermont,  New  York,  and  northwestward. 

'1/122  -~  3"  ^'  fir'abella  R.  Hr.  Smooth  and  naked  throughout; 
fronds  linear,  tapering  slightly  below.  2' — 5'  high,  pinnate; 
piima  deltoid  or  ovate,  the  lower  rather  remote,  cut  into  3—7 
rounded  or  subcuneatc  entire  lobes.  Vermont.  New  York,  and 
northward. 

**  Stipes  not  jointed  ;  cilia  of  the  indusiuin  very  short,  hid- 
den by  the  sporant^ia. 

30263  — ~  4-  W.  scopulina  D.  C.  Eaton.  Rootstock  short,  creep- 
ing, very  chafYy  ;  stipes  2' — 4'  long,  puberulent  like  the  rachis 
and  under  surface  of  the  frond  with  minute  flattened  hairs  and 
stalked  glands;  fronds  lanceolate,  4' — 8'  long,  pinnate;  pinna.' 
numerous,  oblong-ovate,  pinnatifid  with  10—16  short  ovate  or 
oblong  toothed  divisions  ;  indusia  very  delicate,  deeply  cleft 
into  laciniffi  which  terminate  in  short  hairs.  Colorado,  Ari- 
zona, California,  Oregon,  and  northward. 

iCtJ  "*  5-  ^-  Oregana  D.C.Eaton.  Stipes  and  fronds  smooth; 
fertile  fronds  taller  than  the  sterile  ones;  pinnrc  triangular-ob- 
long, pinnatifid  ;  segments  oblong  or  ovate,  toothed  or  crenate; 
teeth  often  reflexed  and  covering  the  submarginal  sori  ;  indusia 


vir 
liai 

wit 
|iin 

intj 
ill 

^" 
toi 

Ik 


/AW, 

'"'stU'-ia-c 

Iv  |i;iit(.,I, 

Hear  ilj^ 
Ilia  Ik'ck., 
'/•/iroih'ii/ii 
i'l^inia    to 


ioiiu'tiriies 
^'^  corda- 
tirc  |(j'  M« 

ou^Wiom  ; 

pinnau; ; 

into  3-7 

^'oi'k.  and 

^lor/,  ///,/. 

t.  crccp- 
le  racliis 
lairs  and 
;  pinna; 
ovate  or 
ply  cleft 
do,  Ari- 

;niooth  ; 

iilar-ob- 

:renate; 

indusia 


FILICES. 


121 


very  niinule,  divided  almost  to  the  centre   into  u  few  beaded 
hairs.     Arizona,  Utiili,  Colorado,  ()reji[oii,  and  northward. 

6.  W.  Mexlcana  Fee.  Stipes  i — 3'  lonj,^,  snioothish  or 
with  ;i  few  scattered  scales;  fronds  3—9'  lonj;,  lanceolate; 
pinnic  sul)-op|tosite,  triannidar-lanceolate,  |)innately  divided 
into  linely-lootlied  scj^nnents,  the  teeth  in  youn^  fronds  endinjj; 
in  delicate,  semi  transparent,  ciliated  ti|»s  ;  sori  near  the  mar- 
gin, hroiid,  conlluent ;  receptacles  (l(jt-like,  scales  of  indusium 
four,  laciniate,  narrow,  dividing  at  the  ('\u\  into  articulated 
h.iirs;  sporani,da  nearly  sessile.     Arizona,  New  Mexiccv 

i,2.  1  Ivi'oi'Ki.'l'is  Torr.  htiiusiuin  ions/>hu<>us,  af  firsi  rn- 
cios/iii!^  tht-  s/>(»  ani^/ii!ii,/>ul  early  opening  at  the  tof)  and  split  ting 
into  si"!'tral  spytailiiii^  1<'MX'''^ lolus. 

—7.  W.  obtusa  Torr.  Stipes  not  jointed,  3' — 6' lonj^ ;  fronds  3024" 
broadly  lanceolate,  minutely  j,,dandidar-hairy,  6—12'  hij^h, 
nearly  l)ipinnale  ;  pinn;u  rather  remote,  trianj^ular-ovate  or  ob- 
lonjj;,  pinnately  parted ;  se^nu-nts  ()i)lonjj;,  obtuse,  crcnately 
toothed,  the  lower  ones  pinnatilid  ;  veins  forked.  {IV.  Perriii- 
iana  II.  iSt  (1.,  Aspidiuni  ohtiisiDn  Willd.,  Clwilanthcs  crcnata 
Kunze,  llypopeltis  obtusa  Torr.)  Smaller  and  more  jflandular 
forms  are  var,  ^ianiliilosa  Iviton  (//'.  riuninierw  Lemmon). 
New  England  to  Kentucky,  Kansas,  and  Arizona. 

XXV.      DICKSONIA   L'Her. 

Sori  small,  globular,  marginal  or  intra-marginal.  S[)orangia 
borne  in  an  elevated,  globular  receptacle,  enclosed  in  a  mem- 
branous, cup-shaped  indusium,  which  is  open  at  the  top,  and 
(^w  the  outer  side  partly  adherent  to  a  reflexed  toothlet  of  the 
frond.  Named  for  James  Dickson,  an  English  botanist,  1738- 
1822.  Includes  about  50  species,  more  than  half  of  which  are 
arborescent. 

§  SlTOLOlUUM  J.  Sm. 
—  I.  D.  pilosiuscula  Willd.  Rootstock  slender,  extensively  X 3tf^f^ 
creeping,  naked;  stipes  stout,  chaflless  ;  fronds  i" — 2i°  long, 
5' — 9'  broad,  ovate-lanceolate  and  pointed,  usually  tripinnatifid  ; 
pinnai  lanceolate,  pointed  ;  pinnules  cut  into  oblong  and  ob- 
tuse cut-toothed  lobes;  rachis  and  under  surface  minutely 
glandular  and  hairy;  sori  minute,  each  on  a  recurved  toothlet, 
usually  one  at  the  upper  margin  of  each  lobe.     (/J.  punctiloba 


'I 


\  1 


ill! 


:Jia 


122     OCA'   NATIVE   FERNS  AND    THEIR   ALLIES. 

Hook.,    D.   pinictilobula    Kimze;     Ncpluodiuin    pioictilobulum 
Michx.,  Aspidiuiii  punciilobuluni  Torr.)     Canada  to  Tennessee. 

XXVI.  TRICHOIVIANES  Sm.     Filmy-fekn. 

Sori  marginal,  terminating  a  vein,  more  or  less  sunken  in 
the  frond.  Sporangia  sessile  on  the  lower  part  of  a  cylindrical, 
lilifonn,  often  elongated  receptacle.  Indusia  tubular  or  fuiniel- 
shaped,  entire  or  two-lipped  at  the  mouth.  Fronds  delicate, 
pellucid.  Name  from  Gr.  r/j/^o//(U'e5,  the  name  of  some  fern, 
from  Tfiix,  hair,  and  /.Kxivimat,  producing  frenzy,  alluding  to 
some  suppoiLcd  properly.  A  *ropical  and  temperate  genus  con- 
taining nearly  loo  species. 

§    EUTRICHOMANKS. 

1.  T.  Petersii  Gray.  Stipes  l" — 2"  long ;  fronds  3—10' 
long,  1  — 2"  broad,  oblong-lanceolate  or  obovatc,  entire  or  vari- 
ously linnatifid,  the  younger  ones  with  a  few  black  hairs  along 
the  margins;  indusium  solitary,  terminal,  funnel-shaped,  the 
mouth  expanded  and  slightly  two-lipped,  the  receptacle  in- 
cluded.    Winston  County,  Alabama  (Ti'/crs). 

2.  T.  radicans  Swz.  Rootstock  wiry,  tomentose  ;  stipes 
as;;ending,  i'— 3'  long,  naked  or  nearly  so,  usually  bnxidly 
winged;  fronds  2'— 8'  long,  i' — li  wide,  lanceolate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  bipinnatifid  ;  pinnae  ovate,  obtuse,  tlic  upper  sidi-  of 
the  base  parallel  and  appressed  to  the  winged  rachis,  the  lower 
side  cuneate  ;  divisions  toothed  or  divided  into  linear  lobes; 
indusia  terminal  on  short  lobes,  tubular  or  funnel-shaped,  the 
mouth  slightly  two-lipped  ;  receptacle  exserted  little  or  very 
much.     (7'.  spcciosnni  Willd.)     Alabama,  Tennessee,  Kentucky. 

XXVII.  LYGODIUIVI   Swz.     Ciimhino-fern. 

Sporangia  ovoid,  solitary  or  occasionally  in  pairs,  in  the 
axils  of  large  imbricated  scale-like  indusia,  which  are  fixed  by 
their  broad  bases  to  short  oblique  veinlets.  Fronds  scandent, 
twining,  bearing  stalked  and  variously  lobcd  divisions  in  pairs. 
Veins  mostly  free.  Name  from  Gr.  \vyu)6i}<i,  flexible,  alluding  to 
the  scandent  stems.     Includes  16  species. 

^    EULYGODIUM. 

I.  L.  palmatum  vSwz.  Stipes  slender,  flexile,  and  twin- 
ing; fronds  i  --3"  long,  the   short   alternate   branches  or  peti- 


;'.V. 

'i loll  III  urn 
inesscc. 


inkcii  in 

indrical, 

'!■  fuiiiiel- 

<i('licatc, 

inc  forii, 

\n\\\v^  to 

•mis  con- 


'  3  —lo' 
c  or  vai  i- 
irs  al()iii( 
aped. the 
)ta(io   iii- 

c  ;  .stii)cs 
'  l)nxully 
)!'  ovatc- 
'■X  side  of 
lie  luucr 
ar  lobes ; 
ai)ed,  the 
or  very 
Kentucky. 


s,  in  ihc 
fixed  by 
icancient, 
in  pairs. 
Iiidingto 


KJ    iwiii- 
or  peli- 


FII.ICES. 


123 


oles  2-forkecl,  eacli  fork  bearin<i;  a  round-cordate  palmately 
4— 7  lobed  pinnule;  fertile  pinnules  above,  contracted,  several 
times  forked,  formin<^  a  terminal  panicle  ;  surfaces  naked  ;  text- 
ure thinly  herbaceous.  {Hytlroi^Iossiun pa/ina/uin\\'\\\d.)  Mas- 
sachusetts and  New  York  to  Kentucky  and  Florida. 

XXVIII.     ANEIMIA  Swz. 

Sporangia  ovate,  sessile,  placed  in  two  rows  on  the  back  of 
the  very  narrow  branchlets  of  the  two  long-stalked,  panicled, 
lower  branches  of  a  pinnately  divided  frond,  the  fertile  branches 
in  a  few  species  entirely  distinct  from  the  sterile  frond.  Veins 
free  or  anastomosing.  Name  from  Gr.  ai'amia,  bloodless.  A 
small  genus  chiefly  from  tropical  America,  containing 27  species. 

§  EUANEI.MIA. 

1.  A.  adiantifolla  Swz.  Rootstock  creeping;  stipes  i" — 
I r  long,  firm,  naked;  fronds  sparingly  pubescent,  the  two 
lower  branciies  elongate,  pinnately  decf^n pound,  fertile;  ster- 
ile portion  deltoid-ovate,  bi — tripinnate;  ultimate  segments  ob- 
ovate  or  cuneate,  entire  or  lobed,  striate  above  with  numerous 
Habellate  veins.     Florida. 

2.  A.  Mexicana  Klotzsch.  Rootstock  C"::eping,  covered 
with  narrow  blackish  cliati;  stipes  slender,  scattered,  6' — 12' 
long;  the  two  lower  branches  of  the  frond  fertile,  long-stalked, 
glandular,  bipinnate  with  densely  clustered  fructification  ;  the 
rest  of  the  frond  like  the  sterile  ones,  deltoid-ovate,  simply  pin- 
nate ;  pinnae  about  six  pairs  and  a  rather  large  terminal  one, 
short-stalked,  ovate-lanceolate,  subcoriaceous,  smooth  and 
somewhat  glossy;  midrib  distinct,  veins  free,  oblique,  parallel, 
closely  placed,  once  or  twice  forked.     Western  Texas. 

XXIX.     SCHIZv^A  Sm. 

Sporangia  large,  ovoid,  striate  rayed  at  the  apex,  naked,  ver- 
tically sessile  in  a  d(Mil)le  row  along  the  single  vein  of  the  nai- 
x\)\\  divisions  of  the  fertile  appendages  to  the  slender  and  sim- 
ply linear,  fan-shaped,  or  dichotomously  many-cleft  fronds. 
Name  from  Gr.  ax.i^^n',  to  split,  alluding  to  the  forked  sterile 
fronds  of  foreign  species.     Includes  16  species. 

§  Euscinz/KA. 
-  I.   S.  pusilla    Pursh.     Sterile  fronds    linear,  very   slender, 
flattened  and  tortuous;  fertile  ones  e^iually  slender,  3' — 4'  high, 


r 

r. 
:■ 

■, 

V 


30Z9 


■I         ': 


\l  i.    t 


124     OUA'  NATIVE   FERNS  AND    THEIR  ALLIED. 

and  bearing  at  top  the  fertile  appendage  consisiiiig  of  abrniihvc 
pairs  of  crowded  pinnae,  forming  a  disticln^us  spil<e.  New  jer- 
sey; Grand  Lai<e,  Nova  Scotia  {Miss  KnioJii);  Newfoundland 
{De  la  Pylaic). 

XXX.  OSMUNDA  L.  Fi.owering-fkrn. 
Fertile  fronds  or  fertile  portions  very  much  contracted, 
bearing  short-pedicclled,  naked  sporangia  on  the  margin  of  the 
rachis-like  divisions.  Sporangia  large,  globular,  opening  by  a 
longitudinal  cleft  into  two  halves,  bearing  near  the  apex  a  few 
parallel  striae,  the  rudiment  of  a  transverse  ring.  Spores  green. 
Named  for  Osmitnder,  a  Saxon  name  for  the  divinity  Thor.  A 
genus  containing  six  species  mostly  north  temperate. 
*  Fronds  bipiiinate,  fcrfilc  at  tJic  apex. 

■.0ZO>  "—I-  O-  regalis  L.  Stipes  tufted,  i" — iT  long,  erect,  naked; 
fronds  2° — 4"  long,  i"or  more  broad  ;  sterile  pinnae  6' — 12' long, 
2 — 4'  broad  ;  pinnules  oblong-ovate  to  lance-oblong,  sessile  or 
slightly  stalked  ;  the  fertile  pinimles  cylindrical,  panicled  ;  tex- 
ture subcoriaceous  ;  racliis  and  both  sides  naked.  {O.  spccta- 
bilis  Willd.,  O.  glaiiccscens  Link.)     Canada  to  Florida  and  Mi.s- 

sissippi. 

**  Sterile  fronds  biptnnatifid. 

303y>C— '2.  O.  Claytoniana  L.  Stipes  tufted,  1°  or  more  '-ng, 
clothed  with  loose  woolly  tomcntum  when  young,  naked  wiien 
mature;  fronds  T — 2"  long,  8' — 12'  broad;  pinnae  oblong-lan- 
ceolate with  oblong,  obtuse  divisions;  2 — 5  pairs  of  centr.;! 
pinnae  fertile  fertile  pinnules  dense,  cylindrical  ;  texture  her- 
baceous. {O.  intcrrupia  Michx.)  Canada  to  Kentucky,  and 
northward. 

3f32V-"-»3.  O.  cinnamomea  L.  (Cinnamon-ff.rn.)  Stipes  dense- 
ly tufted,  i"  or  more  long,  the  sterile  and  fertile  fronds  dis- 
tinct, clothcfl  wdien  young  with  ferruginous  tomentum  ;  sterile 
fronds  smooth  when  mature,  the  pinna;  bearing  a  tuft  of  tomen- 
tum at  the  base  beneath,  lanceolate,  cut  into  broadly  oblong, 
obtuse  divisions;  fertile  fronds  contracted,  bipinnate,  with  cin- 
namon-colored sporangia.  In  var.  frondosa  Gray,  some  of  the 
fronds  are  sterile  below,  and  sparsely  fertile  at  the  summit. 
(O.  Claytoniana  Conrad.)  New  Kngland  and  Wisconsin  to 
Florida. 


/:'.T. 


MARSILIACE^. 


I  j; 


New  )cr- 
oundiancl 


"itracted, 
'"  of  the 
ill.!?  l)ya 
■■^'  a  few 
'■"^  Rfeeii. 
ilior.     A 


t,  naked  ; 

sessile  or 
led  ;  tex- 

and  Mis- 


^ed  when 
onij^-lan- 
f  centr.;; 
lire  iier- 
:ky.  and 

s  dcnsc- 
nds  dis- 
;  sterile 
tonieii- 
obloiif^, 
ith  ein- 
;  of  the 
iinnniit. 
isiii    to 


ORDER   II.     MARSILIACEiE   R.    Br. 

Perennial  plants  rooted  in  nuid,  with  a  slender  creeping 
rootstock  and  either  liliforin  or  4-parted,  lonj^^-petioled  leaves. 
Fnictillcation  consisting  of  sporocarps  bcjrne  on  peduncles, 
which  rise  from  the  rootstock  near  the  leaf-stalk  or  consolidated 
with  it  and  containing  both  inacnjspores  and  microspores.  Con- 
sisting of  two  genera  both  found  in  this  country. 

I.  Marsilia  L.     Sporocarp-;  ovoid  ;  leaves  quadrifoliate. 

II.  Pilularia  L.     Sporocarps  globose  ;  leaves  filiform. 

I.     MARSILIA   L. 

Sporocarps  ovoid  or  bean-shaped,  composed  of  two  vertical 
valves  having  several  transverse  compartments  or  sori  in  each 
valve,  the  sori  composed  of  both  macrosporangia  and  micro- 
sporangia.  Sporocarps  also  provided  with  a  ring  which  at  the 
opening  of  the  valves  swells  and  tears  the  sori  from  their  posi- 
tion. Lt'aves  quadrifoliate  on  slender  petioles  ;  the  sporocarps 
pedunclcd  and  rising  from  the  petiole  or  from  the  rootstock  at 
the  base  of  the  petiole.  Named  for  Aloyslus  Marsili,  an  early 
Italian  naturalist.  Contains  about  40  species,  four  occurring 
within  our  limits. 

*  Sporocarps  2 — 6  0)i  each  peduncle. 

1.  M.  quadrifolia  L.  Plant  usually  slender,  5 — \i  cm. 
higli  ;  leaflets  variable,  4 — 14  mm.  wide,  5 — 15  mm.  long,  mar- 
gins entire,  smooth,  or  rarely  with  scattered  hairs  when  young; 
sporocarps  1  (rarely  3)  on  a  branching  peduncle,  which  is  usu- 
ally attached  to  the  siipe  near  its  base,  but  sometimes  as  much 
as  2  cm.  above ;  young  sporocarp  with  short  yellowish-brown 
hairs,  later  becoming  naked  and  dark  purple ;  lower  tooth  ob- 
tuse, upper  small,  acute  or  obtuse;  .sori,  8  or  9  in  each  valve. 
Hantam  Lake,  Litchheld  County,  Connecticut  {Dr.  T.  F.  Alien), 
from  whence  it  has  been  cultivated  in  several  localities. 

2.  M.  macropoda  Engelm.  Plant  rolnist,  10 — 25  cm. 
high  ;  leaflets  large,  2 — 5  cm.  long,  2  cm.  wide  or  less,  usually 
undulate,  ch^thed  with  white  hairs  on  both  sides  when  young, 
becoming  smoother  with  age  ;  sporocarps  2 — 6,  on  erect  branch- 
ing peduncles,  ascending,  densely  villose,  6 — 8  mm.  long,  5-  6 
mm.  wide  ;  raphe  short,  the  lower  tooth  obtuse,  the   upper   in- 


IM 


I!  \ 


i 

{"1 

1                         '           ' 

li 

■■■;ii 


I  JO      OUR  NATIVE  FERNS  AND    THEIR  ALLIES. 

conspicuous  or  warning;  sori,  lo  in   each  valve.     {M.  maoopus 
A.  Br  '     Texas,  New  Mexico. 


** 


Sporocarps  i  {rarely  2)  on  each  peduncle. 


IVI.   uncinata    A.    Br.     Plant   6— 2o   c 


111. 


gl' 


lutrli 


aflt'ts 


nearly  smooth,  entire,  lo — 16  mm.  lony  ;  sporocarps  6  mm.  wide, 
8  mm.  long;  peduncles  15—30  mm.  long,  2—4  times  the  leiii;Ui 
of  the  s[)orocarps  ;  raphe  long,  terminating  in  two  approxunate 
teeth,  the  upper  longer  and  mostly  uncinately  curved  ;  sori, 
13 — 14  in  each  valve.  Western  Louisiana  {Jlale),  Dallas, 
Texas  {Re7>erc/ion). 
SOxiX  4-    IV-   vestita   Hook.  &  Grev.     Plant  3—6  cm.   high  ;    leaf- 

lets entire  or  slightly  toothed  ;  sporocar[js  4 — 7  mm.  long,  3—5 
mm.  wide  ;  raphe  short,  lower  tooth  short  and  bluni,  the  upper 
acute,  a  little  longer,  sonitlimes  curved  ;  pale;u  varying  from 
soft,  dense  and  spreading  to  short  and  appressed,  in  muerouafa 
forms,  where  it  is  sometimes  wanting  ;  sori,  6--  1 1  in  each  valve, 
a  very  variable  species.  (Includes  J/.  w/cc^-fV/^^Ac  A.  Br.)  Ar- 
kansas {Nultall),  Kansas  ( /F(?As>v/),  Texas,  Arizona  {Lenniioji), 
California,  Nevada  {IWilson),  Oregon  (I/all),  Washington  Terri- 
tory, Montana  (IVa/son),  Dakota  (X/collel). 

I'ar.  tenuifolia  Und.  iS:  Cook.  Plant  somewhat  slethKi, 
5 — 15  cm.  high;  leaflets  narrow  (2 — 4  mm.  wide),  more  or  less 
falcate,  the  apex  often  somewhat  truncate  and  unecpially 
toothed,  villose  with  appressed  hairs;  sporocarps  single,  5— <S 
mm.  long,  4 — 5  mm.  wide,  the  teeth  divergent,  subeqiial  ;  sori, 
9 — II  in  each  valve.  (.J/,  tenuifolia  I'^ngelm.  and  former 
edition.)  Pierdenales,  Texas  {Lind/ieinier),  Western  Texas 
{Wright). 

il.      PILULARIA     L.       PiiiwoKT. 

Sporocarps  globose,  longitudinally  2 — 4  celled,  dehiscent  from 
the  apex;  cells  with  parietal  cushions  bearing  in  the  upper  por- 
tion microsporangia  and  below  these  numerous  macrosporangia 
containing  solitary  macrospores.  Leaves  filiform  from  a  slender 
creeping  rootsiock,  the  sporocarps  subsessilc  or  pednncled  01 
in  the  axils  of  the  leaves.  Named  from  Lat. ////^/(?,  a  pellet. 
Includes  six  species  widely  distribiued. 

I.  P.  Americana  A.  Br.  Leaves  setifonu,  i  long;  sporo- 
carps I     in  diameter,  attached  bv  the  side  to  a  short,  descend- 


SAIA'LVIACE.K. 


127 


Wropiis 


•  wide, 
length 

|.\miate 
sori, 

in.illas, 


inf,^  peduncle,  usually  3-cclled  ;  tiiacrospores  13—17  in  each  cell, 
not  constricted  in  the  midflle.  Santa  Barbara,  California 
{Mrs.  Cooper),  Arkansas  {Nuttail). 

ORDER  III.     SALVINIACEiE. 

Floating  plants  with  a  more  or  less  elongate  and  sometimes 
branching  axis  bearing  apparently  distichous  leaves.  Sporo- 
carps  soft,  thin-walled,  two  or  more  on  a  common  stalk,  i-celled, 
witii  a  central,  often  branched  receptacle  which  bears  macro- 
sporangia  containing  a  single  macrospore,  or  microsporangia 
containing  numerous  microspores.  Consists  of  the  tw(i  follow- 
ing genera. 

I.  Salvinia  Schreb,  Leaves  6  — 9  '  long,  with  a  distinct 
midrib. 

II.  Azolla  Lam.  Leaves  minute,  numerous,  closely  imbri- 
cate, deei^ly  lobed. 

I.      SALVINIA  Schreb. 

Floating  annuals  witii  slender  stems  bearing  small  two- 
ranked  leaves.  Sporocarps  arranged  in  clusters,  globose,  mem- 
branous, I — 2  of  each  cluster  containing  10  or  more  macro- 
sporangia,  the  others  containing  numerous  smaller  microspo- 
rangia. Named  for  Salviiu\  a  Florentine  professor.  Contains 
thirteen  species,  one  of  which  is  found  with  us. 

I.  S.  natans  IIolTin.  Leaves  oblong,  horizontal,  rounded 
or  slightly  cordate  at  base.  A' — i'  long,  bright  green  above,  the 
under  surface  matted  with  brown,  pellucid  hairs;  sporocarps 
4—8  in  a  cluster.  {Marsilia  natans  L.)  Bois  Brule  Bottoms, 
Perry  County.  Missouri  {Dcinctrio.)  Reported  by  Pursh  from 
Central  New  York;  the  exact  station  unkno.vn. 


\.     AZOLLA     Lam. 

Small,  moss-like  plants  with  pinnately  branched  stems  cov- 
ered with  minute,  imbricate,  2-lobcd  leaves,  and  emitting  rootlets 
beneath.  Sporocarps  of  two  kinds,  borne  in  the  axils  of  the 
leaves.  Smaller  sporocarps  ovoid,  C(Mitaining  a  single  macro- 
spore  at  the  base.  Larger  sporocarps  globose,  producing  from 
the  base  many  peflicehed  sporangia,  containing  several  masses 


\\\ 


1 28      OUR   NATIVE    FERNS  AND    THEIR   ALLIES. 

of  microspores.  Named  fi(Mn  Gr.  ir^^/K,  to  dry.  and  oWwax, 
to  destroy.  Includes  five  species. 
^UbTi  1.  A.  Caroliniana  WiUd.  Plant  4"  — 12"  broad,  niucli 
branched;  leaves  with  ovate  lobes,  the  lower  reddish,  the  upper 
green  with  a  reddish  border;  macrospores  with  a  minutely 
granulate  surface  ;  masses  of  niicrosj)orcs  barbed  at  the  tij).  (./. 
micropJiylla  Kaulf.,  ./.  Mcxicana  Schlecht.)  New  York  to 
Florida,  Arizona  and  Oregon. 


ill 


ORDER  IV.    OPHIOGLOSSACEiE    Lindl. 

Plant-body  consisting  of  stem  and  leaf,  usually  from  a  flesliy, 
sometimes  bulbous  root,  straight  or  inclined  in  vernation. 
Sporangia  formed  of  the  interior  tissue  of  the  frond,  spiked  or 
panicled,  naked,  not  reticulated,  destitute  of  a  ring,  opening  by 
a  transverse  slit  into  two  valves  discharging  copious  sulplun- 
colored  spores.  Prothallium  (so  far  as  known)  subterranean, 
not  green,  moiuccious.  Contains,  besides  the  two  following 
g^ucrsi,  Hc/iii/iif/iostai/iys  Kaulf.,  with  a  single  old  world  species. 

1.  Ophioglossum  L.  Sporangia  cohering  in  one  or  more 
simple  spikes.     Veins  reticulate. 

II.  Botrychium  Swz.  Si)orangia  in  pinnate  or  compoimd 
spikes  or  panicles.     Veins  free. 

I.     OPHIOGLOSSUM    L.     Adder  tongue. 
Sporangia  large,  coriaceous,  connate,  coherent  iti  two  ranks 
on  the  edges  of  a  simple  spike.     Veins  anastomosing.     Spores 
copious,  sulphur-yellow.     Name  from  Gr.  (;0/?,  a  serpent,  and 
yXoaaa,  a  tongue.     Includes  ten  species,  four  in  our  limits. 

§  I.  EuoFHioc.LOS.suM.  Fertile  Spike  single,  arising  front  the 
base  of  the  sterile  segment. 

*  Sterile  portion  near  the  middle  of  the  stalk. 

2^^y— I.  O.  vulgatuin  L.  Rootstock  short,  oblique  ;  stalk  6' — 12' 
high,  the  sterile  segment  ovale  or  elliptical-oblong,  i-J' — 4'  long, 
somewhat  fleshy,  somewhat  narrowed  at  the  base,  sessile;  fer- 
tile spike  r  or  more  long.  (O.  EngelnianniVx'M\\\^)y[-A\\'\Q.\.o 
Kentucky,  Tennessee,  Texas  and  Arizona  to  Alaska. 

**  Sterile  portion  near  the  base  of  the  stalks. 

2.  O.  crotalophoroides  Walt.    Rootstock  tuberous,  3" — 5  ' 


Y^'    "uicli 
lie  iipj.-i- 

"linutcly 
tip-  (.7. 
l^ork   to 


|indl. 

a  flcsliy, 
-'"nation. 
>ila'd  or 
■'iinj.i-  by 
sulpliur- 
''ni  I  lea  II, 
;>ll<)\vii]j^ 

S])c(;ics. 
or  more 

inpouiid 


:>  ranks 
Spores 
nt,  and 
Jits. 
foz/i  t/ic 


6' — \2' 

L';  fer- 
tinc  to 


OPHIOGLOSSA  CEAL, 


I2g 


i"-5" 


tliick;  stalk  3—6'  high,  the  sterile  segment  i— i'  long,  ovate, 
sli,-4litly  petiolcd,  the  veins  somewhat  indistinct;  fertile  spike 
short  and  thick,  3" — 6"  long.  {O.  htdbostan  Michx.,  O.  vulgatum, 
var.  crotalophoroiiies  D.  C.  Eaton.)     Florida  to  Louisiana. 

3.  O.  nudicaule  Linn.  f.  Rootstock  slightly  tuberous; 
stalk  r — 4'  high,  the  sterile  segment  V— 'i'  long,  ovate  or  ob- 
long, the  veins  indistinct ;  fertile  spike  linear-acnniinate,  6" 
long,  the  peduncle  very  slender..  {O.  cllipticuin  H.  and  G.,  O. 
Californictim  Prantl,  O.  vulgatu))i,  vnr.  nudicaule  D.  C.  Eatoti.) 
Georgia  and  Florida  to  Southern  California. 

§  2.  CHi'JRor.r/xssA  Presl.  Fertile  spikes  several,  arising 
from  the  base  of  the  sterile  segment. 

4.  O.  palmatum  Plumier.  Rootstock  fleshy,  tuberous, 
covered  with  fine  wool-like  chaff;  plant  fleshy,  6' — 2°  high,  the 
sterile  segment  cuneate  at  the  base,  2 — 6  lobcd  or  rarely  entire, 
the  lobes  elongate  and  tapering;  fertile  spikes  i — 8  or  more, 
borne  on  the  sides  of  the  stipe  just  below  the  sterile  segment  or 
on  its  margin.     Florida. 

II.     BOTRYCHIUM    Swz.      Grai'i:-if.un. 

Rootstock  very  short,  erect,  with  clustered  fleshy  roots,  the 
bnd  for  the  next  year's  growth  usually  imbedded  in  the  base  of 
the  stipe.  Sterile  segment  of  frond  pinnately  or  ternately  di- 
vided or  compound.  Fertile  segment  i — 3  pinnate  with  double 
rows  of  sessile,  naked  sporangia.  Veins  free.  Spores  copious, 
suliihur-yellow.  Name  from  Gr.  /iorpu?,  a  bunch  of  grapes, 
alluding  to  the  clustered  sporangia.  Contains  ten  species,  of 
which  seven  are  found  in  our  limits. 

§  I.  EUBcn'RVCHiUM.     Bud  enclosed  in  the  base  of  the  stalk. 

*  Vernation  wholly  straight. 

«*i.  B.  simplex  Mitch.  Plant  2' — 7'  high, 
fleshy  ;  sterile  segment  stalked,  varying  in  inser- 
tion from  near  the  rootstock  to  two  thirds  the 
height  of  the  stem,  ovate,  obovate  or  oblong, 
entire,  incised,  or  pinnately  parted  into  i — 3 
pairs  of  roundish  or  semi-lunate  lobes;  fertile 
spike  long-stalked,  simple  or  i — 2  pinnate; 
spores  the  largest  of  the  genus,  closely  cov- 
ered with  small  points;  bnd  smooth;  apex  of  i>'»venport.) 
both  sterile  and  fertile  segments  erect.  (Fig.  31.)  Specimens 
9 


Fig.  31. — Verna- 
tion of  A',  shiifilex 
Hilchcock.     (After 


i<i73 


130     OUR  NATIVE  FENNS  AND    THEIR  ALLIES. 


ir 


I  :      \ 


I'j'jO 


%9V 


with  the  sterile  segment  composed  of  two  or  tlirec  pinnatuly 
incised  divisions  ioriw  the  7>ar.  coiiiposiiuni  Lasch.  New  Kiitj- 
hind,  New  York  and  northward,  the  variety  in  Wyoming  Ter- 
ritory and  California. 

**  Vernation  partly  inclined  in  one  or  both  portions. 

t  liuds  smooth  ;  sterile  sej^nients  sessile  or  short-stalked;  plant 
small,  fruitin!^  in  early  summer. 

.  "  2.  B.  lunaria  Swz.  (MooNVVOR'i.)  Plant  5'— 8'  hi^h, 
fleshy  ;  sterile  segment  nearly  sessile,  borne  near 
the  middle  of  the  stalk,  oblong,  simply  pinnate 
with  5  —  15  lunate  or  fan-shaped  lobes  which  are 
crenate,  incised,  or  entire,  close  and  overlapping, 
or  distant;  fertile  segment  bi — tripiniiate,  pan- 
icled,  about  the  height  of  the  sterile.  Apex 
only  of  sterile  segment  bent  over  and  outside  of 
the  nearly  straight  fertile  segment  in  vernation  ; 
divisions  of  sterile  frond  arranged  nearly  perpen- 
dicularly. (Fig.  32.)  Connecticut,  New  York, 
Lake  Superior,  Colorado,  and  British  Columbia. 
3.  B.  boreale  Milde.  Plant  2]^— 7'  high, 
smooth,  fleshy;  sterile  segment  placed  above  the 
middle,  sessile,  cordate,  ovate  or  deltoid,  pin- 

FiG.  32.— Verna-  nately  parted,  acute  ;  lowest  segment  spreading 

\\o\\o{  li.  lunaria    ,  t  ^  i 

Swz.  (After  Dav-  irom  a  narrower  base,  ovate  or  cordate-ovate, 
enport.)  acute,  all  entire,  or  here  and  there  flabellately 

incised  with  acute  lobes,  or  pin  nately  parted  ;  secondary  seg- 
ments from  a  narrowed  base,  ovate,  acute,  serrate,  the  upper 
spreading,  quickly  decreasing,  finally  elliptical,  acute;  fertile 
segment  bi — tripinnate,  panicled.  Apex  of  sterile  segment 
bent  over  inside  of  the  nearly  erect  fertile  one  in  vernation  ; 
divisions  of  the  sterile  segment  arranged  on  an  angle.  Un;i 
laska. 

—.4,  B.  matricariaefolium  A.  Br.  Plan'.-!' — 12' high,  usually 
fleshy;  sterile  segment  placed  above  the  middle,  short-stalked 
or  sessile,  ovate  or  oblong,  pinnately  parted  into  ovate-oblong, 
obtuse,  rounded,  entire,  incised,  pinnatifid,  or  pinnately  parted 
segments,  the  narrow  divisions  linear;  fertile  segment  i — 3  pin- 
nate, panicled,  often  very  much  branched;  spores  thickly  cov- 
ered with  large  rounded  warts.     Apex  of  both  segments  turned 


OPJ/IOGLOSSACE.I':. 


131 


I'l'Uitcly 

ju-  Erig. 

'g  'i  cr- 


p*-'  near 

J)iiinatc 

ich  are 

^  pan- 
Apex 

i<le  of 

ation  ; 
(^■rpcii- 

Vork. 
inibia, 

vc  the 
',  pin- 
ad  iri^- 
:5vate. 
lately 
sei^-- 
ipper 
:?rtile 
He  fit 
ion  ; 

JlVA- 


lally 
ked 

•ted 

)in- 
nv- 
led 


down  in  vernation  ;  sterile  segment  clasping  the  fertile  with  its 
apex  overlapping  the  wlu^lc.  (Fig.  33.)  {B.  neglec- 
liiiit  Wood.)  New  England,  New  York,  Ohio,  and 
Mt.  I*eddo,  Washington  Territory  {Su/csdor/). 

tt  liiii/s  pilose;  sterile  set^ments  usually  long- 
stalked ;   plant  larger,  fruiting  in  autumn. 

5.    B.  ternatum     Swz.      Frond    fleshy,   the  ^^f7^ 

common  stalk  very  short  ;  sterile  segment 
broadly  pentagonal  or  triangular,  ternate ;  the 
three  primary  divisions  also  stalked,  as  broad 
as  long,  pinnately  decompound  ;  ultimate  divi- 
sions varying  fi"'>m  round-reniform  to  triangu- 
lar-lanceolate, entire  or  variously  toothed  and 
incised  ;  fertile  segment  long-stalked,  bi — quad- 
ripinnate.  Apex  of  both  segments  bent  down, 
with  a  slight  curve  inward  in  vernation.  (Fig. 
34.)  (/)'.  australe  R.  Br..  />.  lunar ioides  Swz., 
/)'.  funiarioides  Willd.,  />'.  deeoinposituin  Mart, 
and  CJale.,  Osinunda  ternata  Humb.,  Hotrypus 
lunarioides  Michx.)  Very  variable  ;  larger 
forms  (6' — 17'  high),  with  more  compound  fruc-  tionof  A'.  >nat>i- 
tilication  and  with  divisions  of  sterile  segment  ob-  (After  Davenport.) 
long  or  lanceolate  and  obtuse  or  oblique  at  base, 
*  are  the  var.  obliquutn  Milde;  forms  with  divi- 
sions of  the  sterile  segment  laciniately  cut  into 
.-  .  narrow  teeth  are  inir,  dissectuni  Milde.  New 
England  and  Canada,  westward  to  California, 
Washington  Territory,  British  Columbia,  and 
southward  to  Florida. 

***  Vernation  wholly  inclined,  in  the  fertile 
segment  recurved. 
"^-  6.     B.  lanceolatum     Angs.      Plant   3' — 9'     "l^f^ 
high,  somewhat  fleshy  ;  sterile  segment  closely 
•sessile  at  the  top  of  a  long  common  stalk,  in 
the  smallest  forms  thrce-lobed,  in  larger  ones 
broadly   triangular,  twice  pinnatifid,  the  divi- 
sions lanceolate,  entire  or  toothed,  all  set  at  an 

(After  Davenport.)     oblique  angle;    fertile   segment  short-stalked. 

slightly  overtopping  the  sterile,  bi — tripinnate.     Bud  smooth; 


-Verna- 


0' 


Fir,.  34. — Vernation 
of  R.  icrniituni  Swz. 


Hi 


132 


OUN   XATir/i   J'7:A\\'S  AXn    THEIR   ALLIES. 


IMI' 


■:| 


,! 


i-m- 


ORDER  V.     EQUISETACEiE  DC. 

Plant  body  rush-like,  often  branched,  with  jointed,  usually 
hollow  stems  rising  from  subterranean  rootstocks,  the  sterile 
leaves  reduced  to  sheaths  at  the  joints,  the  fertile  forming  a 
short  spike  terminating  the  stem.  Prothalliunj  above  ground, 
green,  variously  hjbed,  usually  dicjccious.  Represented  at  pres- 
ent by  only  one  genus. 

I.     EQUISETUM  L.     HoRSK-TAH..     Scourinc-rush. 

Perennial  plants  with  extensively  creeping  rootstocks.  Stems 
simple  or  branched,  furrowed  lengthwise,  hollow,  and  [)ro- 
vided  with  an  outer  circle  of  smaller  cavities  opposite  the  fur- 
rows as  well  as  a  second  and  smaller  series  opposite  the  ridges. 
Sporangia  adhering  to  the  under  side  of  the  shield-shaped 
scales  of  the  spike,  one-celled,  opening  down  the  inner  side. 
Spores  furnished  with  two  sleniler  filaments  attached  by  the 


I    ■   ! 


s; 


EQUISETACE.K. 


133 


V  ^:l«Til,,. 
[<>  Lake 

pi'losi', 

ko    feet 
ini(l(il(; 

lierba- 
J'-y  (livi. 


tniddle.     Name    from    Lat.   lU/tiits,    liorsc,   and   .vc■/<^   a    brisl'.c. 
Contains  about  25  species,  widely  distributed. 

^  I.   EuiujUisiiiUM.     Steins  annual,  stoinata  scattered. 

*  Stems  of  two  kinds,  the  pale  or  hrinonisU  fertile  stents  appearing; 

earlier  than  the  herbaceous  sterile  ones  ;  friiititij^  in  sprin^i^. 

t  F.  rtile  stents  sintple,  sooit  witheriiii^. 

-•\.  E.  arvense  L.  (HoKSi/rAI  L.)  Sterile  stems  mreeii.  >  2^^^ 
rather  slender,  1° — 2°  hij^li,  6—  19  funovvud  ;  branches  niinuMous, 
loiitf,  mostly  sim[)!e,  4-anf;le(l,  minutely  rout^hened,  lowest  joint 
commoniy  lonj^er  than- the  sheath  (jf  the  stem;  fertile  stems 
4—10'  hi^h,  lii;ht  brown,  the  l(jose  scarious  sheath  mostly  dis- 
tant, whitish,  endini^  in  about  12  brown  acuminate  teeth  ;  s|)ike 
rarely  over  i'  loiij^.  (/'-'.  bore. tie  lioiij.';.)  Virginia  to  California 
and  northward  to  Greeniand. 

2,  E.  telmateia  I^hrli.  Sterile  stems  ivury  white  or  greenish,  t'fi^ 
stout,  2" — 6°  hif^h,  20 ->4o  furrowed;  branches  very  numerous, 
erect-S[)rcadinj^.  simple,  4 — 5  angled,  the  ridges  rough  and  sul- 
cate,  the  lowest  joint  shorter  than  the  sheath  of  the  stem;  fer- 
tile stems  io'--i5'  high,  white,  many-furrowed,  the  loose  t;rou'n- 
isli  slieaths  elongate,  deeply  20 — 30  toothed.  (A*.  Jliiviatilc 
Sm..  l'].  ebtirneuni  Schreb.,  E.  iitaxintuin  ^luct.  riot  of  Lam.) 
California,  Oregon,  and  ncjrthwari' 

ft  Fertile  stents  loheit  older  producini^  herbaceous  branches,  only 
the  itahed  apex  luitherini^. 

--•3.  E.  pratense  Ehrh.     Sterile  and  luially  the  fertile  st'^ms      'L'ti\ 
producing  straight,  simple  branches;  sheaths  of  the  stem  with 
abcnit  II  short,  ovate-lanceolate  teeth,  those  of  the  branches  3- 
toothed.     (/t".  uinbrosiiin  Willd.,  /:^  triquetruin  Bory.,  A'.  Dritm- 
niottdii  lh)ok.)     Michigan,  Wisconsin,  and  northward. 

■--  4.  E.  silvaticum- L.  Sterile  and  fertile  stems  usually  \z-^l^\i<f 
furrowed,  producing  compound  branches,  the  branchlets  curved 
downward  ;  sheaths  loose,  those  of  the  stem  with  8  —  I4bluntish 
teeth,  those  of  the  branches  with  4 — 5,  an('  )f  the  branchlets 
with  3  divergent  teeth.  Virginia  to  Michigan,  and  northward 
to  Labrador. 

**  Ste/ns  of  one  hiitd,    herbaceous  ;    branches  simple  or   none; 

fruiting-  in  summer. 
I  Sheaths  somcTchat  loose. 


n 


i  im 


134     OUA'  NATIVE   FEKNS  AND    TllElR   ALLIES. 

it^i:,o  —  5.  E.  palustre  L.  Stems  slender,  10' — 18'  lii^li,  very  deep- 
ly 59  j^rooved,  the  ^Mooves  sopiuated  by  narrow,  wini;  like 
rid}.^es,  rouj^hish  ;  slieaihs  with  about  8  lance-awl-sliaped,  wliii- 
isli  niari;ined  teelli  ;  branches  few  in  a  whorl,  with  niosily  5. 
toothed  sheaths.  {E.  pratcnsc  Keichenb.)  Western  Now  York 
and  Wisconsin  to  Hritish  Coliinil)ia  and  northward. 

•X'jtil  '—6.  E.  lltorale  Kiihl.  Stems  slip[htly  roughened,  6-  k; 
irrooved,  the  cariiue  convex  ;  sheaths  sensibly  dilated  above,  the 
uppermost  bell-shaped;  leaves  convex,  aniLilcd  beneath,  sejja- 
rate  at  the  commisural  j^rcjove ;  teeth  herbaceous,  membraiidiis 
at  the  margin,  narrow,  lanceolate  ;  branches  of  two  kinds,  ilie 
4-an5fled  hollow,  the  3-angled  solid,  first  joint  a  little  longeron 
shorter  than  the  sheath  of  the  stem  ;  spores  abortive,  elaiers 
usually  waiitini;.  Bay  of  (Juintc,  Canada  {Macoun);  Vermont 
(/V/>/j,'/<');  Oswego  Kiver,  New  York  {U'/Mf). 

t+  S/ienf/is  apprcsscd. 

tCf(ffl^  "^l-  E.  limosum  L.  Stems  2' — 3°  high,  slightly  many-fur- 
rcnved,  smooth,  usually  producing  u[)right  bramhes  aftt-r  Inic- 
tification  ;  sheaths  appresscd,  with  about  iS  dark-brown,  short, 
acute,  rigid  teeth;  air-cavities  wanting  under  the  grooves,  small 
under  the  ridges.  Includes  /',".  Jluviatile  L.  (A',  iiiii^i'nostim 
Muhl  ,  J-l.  Iii'lcocharis  Ehrh.)  Virginia  to  Washington  Terri- 
tory and  northward. 

if  2.  HiiM'ocH.KrK.  Stc))is perennial,  cvcri!;rL'e>i;  spikes  lipped 
luilh  a  rigid  poinl ;  sloniata  in  regular  nrcos ;  fruiting  in 
sununcr. 

*  Stems  tall  and  stout,  usually  many-grooved. 

t  Branches  numerous,  regularly  luliorled. 

1^(,(,  S.    E.  ramosissimum    Desf.     Stems  grooved,  more  or  less 

roughened,  6 — 26  furrowed;  sheaths  dilated,  toothed;  teeth 
not  grooved,  persistent  or  deciduous,  leaving  only  a  triangular, 
very  rarely  a  truncated  margin;  leaves  more  or  less  distinct, 
3 — 4  carinate  ;  branches  when  present,  4 — 9  angled;  series  of 
stomata  in  i — 4  lines;  inner  bark  of  ridges  higher  than  the 
grooves;  ridges  convex,  marked  with  bands,  never  with  two- 
rowed  tubercles.  Cuba  ( IVrig/il),  Mexico  (Se//a/Pner),  British 
Columbia  (/-ivr//),  and  probably  will  be  found  in  the  intervening 
territory. 


LYCOPOI)lACF..^L 


'35 


y  (icc|,- 

i'l.U  like 
wliiu 
ostly  5. 
\v  ^'ork 

vc,  the 

llloiis 

is,  I  lie 
"IHX-'r  or 

iiiioiu 


ft  liranclu's  few  and  hyi\^iili\r  or  -u'liolly  uhxnting. 
\  Stems  yoUi:;li,  tuberculate. 

—.9.  E.  robustum  A.  Hr.  Stems  3"— 11  '  \\\^\,  and  some-  i^t>^ 
times  nearly  i'  thick,  20—48  furrowed  ;  ridj^es  roughened  with 
;i  single  series  of  transversely-oblong,  siliceous  tubercles  ;  sheath 
short,  cylintlric,  marked  vvitii  black  girdles  at  the  base,  and  at 
the  base  of  tlie  caducous  teeth  ;  ridges  of  the  sheaths  tricari- 
natc.     Ohio  to  Louisiana.  California  and  northward. 

-  10.  E.  hlennale  L.  (ScoURiNC.-uusii.)  Stems  i°— 4"  high, 
rough,  8 — 34  furrowed;  ridges  with  two  indistinct  lines  of  tu- 
bercles ;  sheaths  rather  long,  cylindric,  marked  with  one  or  two 
black  girdles;  ric'gcs  of  the  sheath  obscnirely  ([uadricarinate ; 
teeth  membranous,  soon  deciduous.  North  America  gener- 
ally. 

\\  Stems  not  luberculiite. 


II.   E.  laevigratum   A.  Hr.    Stems    i' 


high,   palc-grecn,    li(>'i 


14—30  furrowed;  the  ridges  almost  smooth  ;  sheaths  elongate, 
enlarged  upward,  marked  with  a  black  girdle  at  the  base  of  the 
mostly  deciduous  white  margined  teeth,  and  rarely  also  at  the 
base  of  the  sheath  ;  ridges  of  the  sheath  with  a  central  carina 
and  sometimes  with  faint,  short,  lateral  ones.  North  Carolina 
and  Ohio  to  Louisiana,  California  and  Oregon. 

**  Steins  slender,  tufted,  5 — \Qirroo7<ed. 

— •  12.  E.  variegatum  Schleich.  Stems  ascending,  6' — 18'  i^H^ 
long,  usually  simple  from  a  branched  base,  5—10  furrowed  ; 
sheaths  green,  variegated  with  black  above,  the  teeth  5  — 10, 
tipped  with  a  deciduous  bristle  ;  central  air-cavity  small.  Bel- 
lows Falls,  New  Hampshire  (Ca^-ey),  Niagara  Falls  to  Illinois 
and  northward  to  Ciieenland  and  Alaska. 

—  13.   E.  scirpoides  Michx.     Stems  filiform,  very  numerous,  y-lf4>t 
3' — 6'  high,  flexuous  and  curving,  mostly  6-furrowed,  with  acute 
ridges  ;  sheaths  3-toothed,  the  bristle  tips  more  persistent ;  cen- 
tral air-cavity  wanting.     New  England  to  Pennsylvania,  Illinois 
and  northward. 


ORDER  VI.     LYCOPODIACEiE  Lindl. 

Moss-like,  terrestrial  plants  with   small,  lanceolate  or  subu- 
late, sometimes  oblong  or  roundish,  simple  leaves,  arranged  in 


136     OUR  NATIVE   FF.AW'S  AND    THEIR  ALLIES. 


two  to  nianv  ranks  on   trailinsj   or   sometimes   erect, 


nsua 


lly 


branching  stems.  Sporangia  . — 3  celled,  solitary  in  ilie  axih 
or  the  leaves,  or  on  their  upper  surface.  Spores  of  one  kind, 
minute.  Prothallia  (so  far  as  known)  mostly  subterranean, 
with  or  without  chlorophyll,  moncccious.  Contains  four 
era,  the  following  within  our  lin.its: 

?11  developed,    in   4— many 


:en- 


I. 


Lei 


Lycopodium    L.      Leaves   wei 
ranks.     Spor.mgia  i-celled. 

II.  Psilotum  R.  Br.  Leaves  minute,  abortive.  Sporangia 
3-celled. 

I.     LYCOPODIUM  L.     Ci.n.-Moss. 

Perennial,  terrestrial  plants,  with  evergreen,  one-nervcil 
leaves  arranged  in  4  —  16  ranks.  Si)ot.ingia  coriaceous,  llaitenerl. 
reniform,  (^ne-celled,  opening  transversely,  situated  in  the  a.xils 
of  ordinary  leaves,  or  with  fruit-bearing  leaves  modilied  into 
bracts  which  are  arranged  in  spikes  either  sessile  or  pedunclcd. 
Spores  co[»ious,  minute,  sulpliur-colored,  inflaminahle.  Named 
from  Gr.  ArK-of,  wolf,  and  /Torf,  foot,  without  (obvious  ai)plica- 
tion.     Contains  nearly  ouv.  hund.-ed  species. 

jf  L  Pl.ANANTHUS  Beauv.  Spornngia  borue  in  the  axih  of 
leaves  which  are  similar  to  those  of  the  sterile  and  fertile  stems. 

*  Sporafii;ia  wmally  "a'antint^-  in  a.xils  of  upper  t,-ares ;  .'ta^es 
(larh-oreen,  shinini^-,  about  8- ■>a)ilced. 

3033y  I.  L.  selago  L.  Stems  3' — 6  high,  thick,  rigid,  erect,  2  — 
3  times  forked,  forming  a  level-topped  cluster;  leaves  elon- 
gate-lanceolate, muconuhitc,  entire  or  s{)inid()se-denticulate, 
nerved  above,  convex  below.  (A.  rerur7'um  Kit.,  A.  subereeium 
Lowe,  Plananthus  se/ai^o  Beauv.)  Mountains  of  North  Caro- 
lina to  New  England  and  Michigan,  and  northward  to  Alaska 
and  Greenland. 

3o3tf>-  '  2.  L.  lucidulum  ^Ti^hx.  Stems  ascending,  thick,  2 — 3 
times  forked,  the  branches  6  —  12'  high;  leaves  widely  spread- 
ing or  reflexed,  flat,  one-nerved,  acuie,  minutely  toothed.  (A. 
reflexuni  Sw/.,  A.  serratum  Desv.,  Plananthus  refle.xus  Bead  v.) 
North  Carolina  and  northward. 

**  Sporangia  only  in  a.xils  of  upper  learrs  which  form  sp'lces; 
leaves  many-ran  Iced. 

"bOlb'        3.    L.    ii'.undatum    L.     Sterile  stems  cn^eping,  flaccid,  fork- 


IV. 


LYCOPODIACKA-:. 


137 


I'ISllally 

I*-'  axils 
|o  kind, 
Iraiicaii, 
1 1 1-  -cn- 

-mnny 
pranoia 


■I'l'TU'S 


iiit;;  fertile  Litems  erect,  simple,  i' — 4'  high,  beariiij;  a  short, 
thick  spike ;  leaves  laiiceolale  or  lance-awl-shaped,  acute, 
entire,  soft,  spreading  or  curved  upward  on  prostrate  stems. 
(/..  ■ftalustrc  Lam.,  Planaiiihus  inundatiis  Beauv.)  Forms  hav- 
ing tne  fertile  stems  5' — 7'  high,  with  more  pointed,  often  tooth- 
bearing  leaves,  arc  the  var.  Bii:^cIo7'ii  Tuckerm.  {L.  dxrolini-  V 
a)iiiin  Bigel.)     New  England  to  Michigan  and  southward. 

Var.  pinnatum  Cluq)m.  Stems  {)in' ately  branched  ;  leaves 
hri.-^tly-fringed  below  the  .niddie.  unequal,  the  upper  and  lower 
shorter  and  somev.hat  appressed,  the  lateral  widely  spreading; 
fertile  stems  1°  high,  very  leafy;  spike  thick,  cylindric,  2—3' 
long.     Western  Florida. 

4.  L.  alopecuroides  L.  Stems  stout,  densely  leafy  through- 
out; sterile  branches  (laccifl,  procumbent,  creeping;  fertile 
branches  r'gid,  erect,  6' — 20'  high,  bearing  a  single  spike  ;  leaves 
narrowly  linear-awl-shaped,  spinulosc-pointed,  spreading,  con- 
spicuously bristle-toothed  below  the  middle,  nerved  above, 
those  of  the  cylindric  spike  with  long,  setaceous  tips.  (/,. 
loiii^ipcs  H.  iV  (i.,  Planauthiis  alopecuroides  Beauv.)  New  jersey 
to  Florida  and  Mississippi. 

iJ  2.  Eui-VCOPODIUM.  (l.EPiDOTis  Beauv.)  Sporaiii^/a 
borne  in  the  axils  of  yelhnvis/i,  seale-li/ce,  imbricated,  muite  or 
cordate  leai'cs  -n-'hich  form  a  distinct  sp'ke ;  leaves  of  sterile 
branches  very  unli/ce  those  of  the  spihes. 

*  Stems  leafy  to  base  of  spihcs,  or  nearly  so. 
t  Spikes  nodding-. 

5.  L.  cernuum  L.  Stems  erect,  branching,  the  branches 
similar;  leaves  crowded,  awl-shaped,  incurved,  terete  in  the 
middle,  spreading,  grooved  below;  bracts  8-ranked.  {L.mari- 
anum  Wiild.,  L.  curvatum  Blunie.,  L.  Boryaniim  Richard,  L. 
bryifoliU'H  Vent.)     Florida,  Southern  .Alabama. 

t+  Spikes  erect,  closely  sessile. 

6.  L.    annotinum    L.      Stems    much    branched,    prostrate,  X3tfJ^ 
creeping,   T — 4'  long;   the  ascending  branches  similar,   5' — 8' 
high,   sparingly   forked;    leaves  c  jual,  s|)reading,  five-ranked, 
rigid,  linear-lanceolate,  minutely  serrulate,  nerved  below;  si)ike 
oblong,  cylindric,  thick.     (I.,  jmiiperifolium  Lam.,  L.  bryophyl- 

lum  PresI,  Lepidotis  annotina   Beauv.)     Mountain   forms  with 


w 


I  ! 


1'' 


lii 


i 


m  f 


\f'M 


tLl  ■        :       i 


138     0(/A'  NATIVE  FERNS  AND    THEIR  ALLIES. 

—  shorter  and  more  rigid,  pointed  leaves  are  var.  puni^cns  Dcsv. 
(Z,.  rcclhiatum  Michx.)  New  England  and  New  Jersey  to 
VVasliington  Territory,  and  northward  to  Alaska  and  Greeiilaiul. 

3036"/'— 7-  L.  dendroideum  Miehx.  (GkoUND-PlNK.)  Steniserect, 
6' — 9'  high,  from  a  subterranean  creeping  rootstock,  densely 
branched  above,  the  crowded  branches  spreading  fan-like; 
leaves  4 — 6  ranked,  lanceolate-linear,  acute,  entire  ;  spikes  4—10 
on  each  plant ;  bracts  niany-nnvcd.  {Lrpidotis  dendyoidca 
Beauv.)  Forms  with  the  stems  appearing  flat,  from  the  leaves 
of  the  upper  side  being  shorter  and  appressed,  are  the  var.  ob- 
sctiriwi  (/,.  obsciirmn  L.)  Mountains  of  North  Carolina  to 
Canada,  and  northwestward  to  Indiana,  Michigan,  and  Western 
North  America. 

3^/4/  8.    L.    alpinum    L.     Stems  elongate,  creeping,  with  ascend- 

ing densely  clustered  l>ranclies  ;  leaves  4-ranked,  erect,  imbri- 
cated, adnate-decurrent,  of  two  forms;  those  of  the  lateral  rows 
lanceolate,  falcate,  acute,  carinate,  concave  within  ;  those  of  the 
intermediate  rows  scarcely  one  third  smaller,  lance-awl-shaped, 
the  upper  and  lower  rows  not  different.  (Possibly  a  form  of 
L.  compliDiatum  L.)  Lake  Superior  to  Rocky  Mountains;  Mt. 
Peddo,  Wasliington  Territory  {Suksdorf),  and  Unalaska. 

ttt  Splices  erect,  shcrt-pediinclcd. 

303J'  —.9.  L.  sabinaefolium  Willd.  (Ground-FIR.)  Stems  elon- 
gate, creeping,  usually  underground;  branches  erect,  short,  di- 
chotomous,  clustered  ;  leaves  4- rowed,  small,  appressed.  lanceo- 
late, mucroii..t^  entire,  apparently  terete  ;  spikes  cylindric,  soli- 
tary, wit'i  Cordate  acuminate  bracts.  (/..  alpinum  Michx.,  /,. 
arinatum  Desv.)  New  Jersey,  New  York,  New  Engh.nd,  and 
northwestward.    This  is  sometimes  united  with  L.  coinplaiiaiiDn. 

** Fertile  brandies  with  minute  leai'es,  so  that  the  spikes  ap- 
pear long-pcduneled. 

t  Leaves  uniform,  many-ranked;  stents  terete. 

'/^Qia^mm  10.  L.  clavatum  L.  (RuNNiNG-p[NE.)  Stems  extensive- 
ly creeping;  branches  similar,  ascending,  short  and  leafy,  the 
fertile  terminated  by  a  slender  peduncle  bearing  1—4  linear, 
cylindric  spikes ;  leaves  much-crowded,  linear-awl-shaped,  tipped 
like  the  bracts  with  a  fine  bristle.  (Z..  ojjieinale  Neck.,  /,.  I'ul- 
garc  Vatll.,  L.  iujlexum  Swz.,  L.  serpens  Fresl,  Lepidotis  injlexa 


ifel3»' 


LYCOPODIACE.'E. 


139 


Dcsv. 
L\V   to 
iiiitl. 
erect, 
iisely 
■like; 
4  —  10 
oiih'a 
caves 
ir.  ob- 
;i  to 
'Stern 


ap. 


Beauv.)     North  Caioliiia  to  Canada  and  westward  to  Washing- 
ton Territory  and  Un  daska. 

\\  Leaves  of  two  forms,  few  ranked;  slems  Jlatte)icd. 

II.  L.  Carolinianum  L.  Sterile  stems  and  tlieir  few  short 
branches  entirely  creepins^;  lateral  leaves  broadly  lanceolate, 
acute,  aird  somewhat  oblique,  one-nerved,  widely  spreading  in 
2-ranks ;  upper  row  of  leaves  shorter,  appressed ;  peduncle 
simple,  slender,  2' — 4'  high,  clothed  with  small  bract-like  leaves, 
bearing  a  single  cylindric  spike.  (Z,.  repcns  Swz.,  L.  aj/ine  Bory., 
Lepidotis  repcns  Beauv.)  New  Jersey  to  Florida,  Alabama,  and 
Louisiana. 

...12.  L.  complanatum  L.  Stems  extensively  creeping.y  3^4^ 
with  erect  or  ascending  fan-like  branches  sevenil  times  forked 
above;  branchlets  crowded,  flattened;  leaves  minute,  iml;ri- 
cate-appressed,  4-ranked;  the  lateral  rows  with  somewhat 
spreading  tips;  the  intermediate  smaller,  narrower,  and  wholly 
appressed  ;  peduncle  slender,  bearing  2 — 4  cylindric  spikes. 
(L.  tJiyoidcs  llumb.  iSr  B(jnpl.,  L.  tristac/iyon  Pnrsli,  L.  anceps 
Wallr.,  L.clianuccyparissHs  A.  Br. ,  Lepidotis  coinplanata  Beauv.) 
North  Carolina  to  New  Kngland,  Michigan,  and  northward. 

II.     PSILOTUM     R.  Br. 

Perennial  plants,  terrestrial  or  growing  on  trees.  Stems  di- 
chotomously-branched  with  minute  alternate  leaves  or  appar- 
ently leafless.  Sporangia  sessile,  3-celled,  ojiening  at  the  apex 
into  2 — 3  valves.  Spores  farinaceous,  oval  ax  elongate-reniform. 
Name  from  Gr.  ^^/-lof,  naked,  alluding  to  the  abortive  leaves, 
rciit.uns  !o;;.r  species,  mostly  tropical. 

I.  P.  triquetrum  Swz.  Stems  erect,  8 — 10'  high,  triquct 
rous  at  base,  many  times  forked  at  apex;  ultimate  divisions  tri- 
quetrous-winged; leaves  remote,  awl-shaped,  less  than  i"  long; 
sporangia  in  spikes.  (/'.  I-loridanuin  Michx.,  P.  dicliotoinuni 
Link.,  Jiern/iardia  dichotoma  Willd.,  H,  pediincu/ata  Desv., 
Lyeopodium  nudum  L.)  Eastern  Florida ;  Blutlton,  South  Caro- 
lina {^MellichamJ)). 


I40     OUR  JVATIVE  FERA'S  AND    THEIR  ALLIES. 


I: 


'1 


i. 


!     ! 


ORDER   VII.     SELAGINELLACEiE. 

Plant-body  leafy,  terrestrial,  moss-like,  with  branching  stems 
and  minute  scale-like  leaves.  Sporanijia  one-celled,  solitary, 
axillary,  some  containing:;  microspores,  and  others  macrosporcs. 
Contains  a  single  genus  largely  tropical. 

I.     SELACINELLA  Beauv. 

Fructification  arranged  in  spikes.  Sporangia  minute,  sub- 
globose,  opening  transversely;  son\c  containing  usually  4  glo- 
bose macrosporcs,  and  others  smaller,  filled  with  numerous 
microspores.  Leaves  4 — many  ranked.  Name  a  diminutive  of 
Sf/irj,'o,  an  ancient  name  of  some  species  of  Lycopodiuni,  which 
this  genus  resembles.  Contains  about  335  species  widely  dis- 
tributed ;  seven  are  found  within  our  limits. 

^  I.  EusELAOiNEi.LA.  Stt'iii  Icuvcs  of  OHC  kind,  mauy- 
rankcd ;  bracts  uniform. 

*  Stents  prostrate  or  spreading,  sonieivhat  rigid. 

36/^^Y-  I.  S.  rupestris  Spring.  Stems  densely  tufted,  prostrate 
or  ascending,  much-branched,  2' — \2  long;  leaves  appressed- 
imbricate,  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  convex  and  sulcate  dor- 
sally,  rigid,  bristle  tipped,  ciliate;  spikes  strongly  quadrangular, 
6" — 12"  long;  sporangia  of  both  sorts  in  the  same  a.xils;  macro- 
sporangia  abundant;  bracts  ovate-lanceolate.  {Lycopodiuin 
rupcstrc  L.,  L.  bryoptcris  Wall.)  New  England  to  Florida, 
Texas,  California,  and  northward. 

Var.  tortipila.  Leaves  sub-entire,  gibbous  dorsally  near 
the  apex  ;  terminal  bracts  tipped  with  a  long,  twisted,  while 
awn;  macrosporcs  loosely  reticulate.  Caesar's  Head,  South 
Carolina  (/.  Ih  Smith);  Negro  Mountain,  Nc^rlh  Carolina  ((/;<?)'). 

^bttl  2.  S.  selaginoides  Link.  Sterile  stems  prostrate  or  creep- 
ing, small  and  slender;  fertile  stems  thicker,  ascending,  simple, 
i' — 3'  high  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  spreading,  sparsely  spinu- 
lose-ciliate;  bracts  lax,  ascending,  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceo- 
late, strongly  ciliate.  {S.  spinosa  Beauv.,  Lycopodiitm  selagi- 
noides L.,  L.  ciliatum  Lam.)  New  Hampshire  to  Colorado  and 
northward  to  Greenland. 

**  Stems  pendent,  Jlaee id. 

3.    S.  Oregana  D.  C.  Eaton.     Stems  i"— 6"  long,  pinnately 


SELA  G IX  ELLA  CE^. 


141 


>litar)', 
[•ores. 


iViy- 


nuicli  Ijranclieii ;  leaves  loosely  iriibiicale,  scarcely  i"  lon^. 
liiiearlanccolate.  convex  and  grooved  on  the  back,  acute, 
sparsely  spinulose-denticulate,  not  brisllc-tippeci  ;  spikes  quad- 
rangular, very  slender;  tnacrosporangia  scarce.  Port  Orford, 
Oregon  (A'au/c);  Tilamook  Valley,  Oregon  {IIcm>t'//)\  probably 
in  Northern  California. 

i  2.  St.vchvcvnan'drum  Baker.  Sfrnt  Ii\ri't's  of  two  kinds, 
spycadiui^  in  tico  planes,  tliosc  of  the  upper  plane  smaller  and 
more  ascending  ;  braets  uniform. 

*  Main  stems  deeumbent ;  root  fbres  extendiniji;  to  uppnr  nodes. 

t  Stems  persistent ;  Luwes  rigid,  firm  in  texture. 

4.  S.  Douglasii  Spring.  Stems  decumbent,  3' — 12'  long; 
branches  2' — 6'  long,  bi — tripiiinately  divided  ;  leaves  of  lower 
I)lane  i'  long,  obliquely  oval,  obtuse,  faintly  nerved;  leaves  of 
upper  plane  half  as  long,  oval,  incurved,  ending  in  a  short 
point,  both  sparingly  ciliate  at  base;  spikes  6" — 12"  long,  cpiad- 
raiigular.  terminal;  bracts  deltoid-cuspidate,  strongly  imbri- 
cate, {f.ycopodium  Douglasii  H.  <S:  G.,  L.  or'alifolium  H.  &  G.) 
Northern  California  to  British  Columbia. 

tt  Stems  mostly  annual,  fugacious  ;  /ewc'es  mostly  membranous, 
flaccid. 

5.  S.  apus  Spring.  Stems  i' — 4'  long,  slender,  angled  on  3(/^^ 
the  face,  prostrate,  creejiing,  much-branched,  flaccid;  leaves  of 
thclower  plane  spreading  above,  the  lower  reflexed,  ovate,  acute, 
serrulate,  not  distinctly  ciliate  ;  leaves  of  the  upper  plane  ovate, 
shortly  cuspidate;  spikes  3" — 6'  long;  bracts  ovate,  acute, 
membranous,  strongly  serrulate,  acutely   keeled    in   the   upper 

half.  Canada  and  New  England  to  Rocky  Mountains,  and 
southward  to  Florida  and  Texas. 

6.  S.  Ludoviciana  A.  Fir.  Stems  slender,  copiously  pin- 
nate, flat  bcjth  sides,  4' — 6  long,  lower  branches  slightly  com- 
poimd  ;  leaves  of  lower  plane  rather  distant  except  at  tips  of 
branches,  spreading,  ovate-oblong,  sid)-acute,  lirmer  in  texture 
than  in  preceding,  serrulate,  not  distinctly  ciliate;  leaves  of 
upper  plane  half  as  long,  oblifjuely  oblong,  cuspiflate;  spikes 
3' — 6"  long ;  bracts  ovate-lanceolate,  strongly  keeled.  {S. 
apus,  var.  denticulata  Spring,  where  it  may  belong,  the  difTer- 
cnccs  possibly  due  to  climatic  conditions.)     Covington.  Louisi- 


i  I' 


I  |2      OUR  NATIVE   I'EKXS  AXD    THEIR  ALLIES. 

ana   {Dnp/imoKdy,    Aspalaga,    Florida   {Ciirtiss,    No.   3799    in 
part). 

**  Stems  densely  tufted,,  rolliiii^  into  a  nest-like  ball  7vhen  dry ; 
roots  confined  to  base  of  stems. 

7.  S.  lepidophylla  Sprinj;.  Stems  2'— 4'  Vm^i,,  densely 
tufted,  pinnatelv  branched  to  the  base,  the  pinnae  ascendinir. 
sub-llabellately  compound  ;  leaves  of  the  lower  plane  closely 
imbricate,  ascending,  obliquely  ovate,  obtuse,  thick,  rigid,  mi- 
initely  ciliatc,  green  above,  paler  below,  becoming  reddish-brown 
in  age;  leaves  of  upper  plane  nearly  as  long,  obliquely  ovale, 
obtuse;  spikes  3' — 6"  long,  quadrangula.r ;  bracts  deltoid, 
acutely  keeled.     Texas  to  Arizona. 

S.  I'lLii'KRA  A.  Br.,  is  reported  from  Texas  by  Mr  Haker, 
attributiiig  its  collection  to  Wright.  An  examination  of 
Wright's  specimens  in  the  Harvard  Herbarium  fails  to  detect 
this  species.  It  may  possibly  be  found  in  W^^stern  Texas,  since 
it  grows  m  Mexico.  It  dilTcrs  from  the  foregoing  by  having 
the  primary  branching  varying  from  flabellate  to  pinnate,  and 
the  leaves  cuspidate  and  serrulate.  Collectors  in  the  Soutli- 
vvcst  should  carefully  search  for  this  form. 


ORDER  VIII.     ISOETACEiE. 

Plant-body  consisting  of  a  bilolied  or  trilobed  trunk  emitting 
dense  tufts  ui  roots,  and  sending  up  a  compact  rosette  of  rush- 
like leaves,  suijincrged,  aiuphibious  or  sometimes  growing  in 
moist  soil.  S|)orangia  sessde  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  some 
containing  macrosporcs  and  others  microsjjores.  Contains  a 
single  genus  widely  distributed. 

I.  ISOETES  L.  QiMi.iAVORT. 
Stem  or  trunk  a  mor(;  or  less  depressed,  fleshy  corm,  rooting 
just  above  its  bilobed  or  trilobed  base,  coveri'd  above  with  the 
dilated  and  imbricated  bases  of  the  awl-shaped  or  linear  leaves. 
Sporangia  large,  orl)icular  or  ovoid,  plano-convex,  very  thin, 
sessile  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  and  united  at  the  back  with 
their  excavated  bases  ;  those  of  tiie  outer  leaves  lllled  with 
spherical  macrosporcs;  those  f)f  the  inner  leaves  Idled  with 
minute  and  powdery,  grayish,  oblicpiely  oblong  and  triangular 


ISOETACE.'E. 


143 


iiiicrospoi'Oij.  Name  from  Gr.  icro^,  equal,  and  ero?,  year.  Con- 
tains about  50  species,  of  which  sixteen  are  found  vvitliin  our 
limits. 

Note.— The  measurcineiiis  of  the  spores  are  given  in  millimetres;  mm.  =  03937 
inch. 

;;  I.  Submcri^ed,  rarely  above  ivatcr  in  driest  seasons;   leaves 

(juddrangiilar  wit /loiit  peripheral  bast  bundles  ;    velum   ineoin- 

plete. 

*  Stoniata  absent. 

1.  1.  lacustris  L.     Leaves   10 — 25,  stout,  rather  rigid,  ob-     3^4f6' 
tiisely  (puuh'aiij^uiar,  acute  but  scarcely  tajjerinj^,  dark  or  olive- 

<;reen.  2-6'  lonsj^ ;  sporangia  orbicular  -  brtjadly-elliptic,  witli  a 
narrow  velum  ;  ligida  trianj^ular,  short  or  somewhat  elongate  ; 
niacrospores  o.  50 — 0.80  mm.  in  diameter,  marked  all  over  with 
distinct  or  .somewiiat  conlluent  crests;  microspores  smooth, 
0.035 — 0.046  turn.  long.  Var.  paupereula  Engelm.  has  fewer, 
thinner  and  shorter  loaves  and  smaller  spores,  the  microspores 
somewhat  granulate,  0.026 — 0.036  mm.  long.  (/.  inaerospora 
Ourieu.)  Catskill  Mountains,  New  York  {Sehweinit::),  Echo 
Lake,  New  Hampshire  {Tucker man').  Fresh  Pond,  near  Cam- 
bridge, Massachusetts  {\V.  Ihwtt),  Uxbridge,  Massachusetts 
[Kobbins),  Ikaltleborough,  Vermont  (Frost),  Lake  Superior 
(Porter).  The  variety  from  (jrrand  Lake,  Middle  Park,  Colo- 
rado {Eui^elmann)  and  Castle  Lake  near  Mt.  Shasta,  California 
{Pr  ingle). 

2.  I.  pygmaea  Engelm.  Leaves  5 — 10,  stout,  rigid,  bright- 
green,  .i' — i'  long,  abruptly  tapering  to  a  tine  point,  with  very 
siiort  often  almost  square  epidermal  cells;  sporangia  orbicular 
with  a  narrow  velum ;  macrospores  0.36 — 0.50  mm.  thick, 
marked  with  minute,  rather  regular,  distinct  or  rarely  confluent 
warts;  microspores  brown,  almost  smooth,  0.024 — 0.029  "I'li. 
long.     Mono  Pass,  California  (liolander). 

3.  1.  Tuckermani  A.  Hr.  Leaves  10 — 30,  very  slender,  ^0^*"/ 
tapering,  olive-green,  2' — 3'  long,  the  outer  recurved;  sporangia 
mostly  oblong,  white  or  rarely  brown-spotted,  the  upper  third 
covered  by  the  velum;  macrospores  0.44-0.56  mm.  thick,  tlu? 
upper  segments  marked  with  prominent,  somewhat  parallel  and 
branching  lidges,  the  lower  half  reticulate;  microspores  smooth 


144      OUR   yATJFK   FEK.VS  AND    THEIR   ALLIES. 


■il 


or    nearly  so,  0.026-0.032   mir..  lonj.,'.     Mystic   River,   M\>tir. 
Spy  aiui  Horn  Ponds,  near  Boston,  Massacliusetls. 

'^''^  Stoinata  prcsoit. 

30/^6  f^  4-  !.  echinospora  Dnrieu,  tv^;-.  Brar.iii  Knj^ilni.  I  avts 
13 — 15,  erect  or  sjoreadin-^,  soft,  taperinij,  ^rcen  or  rrddish- 
grcen,  3' — 6  long,  generally  wdtli  lew  stoniata  toward  tlie  tip 
oidy ;  sporangia  (orbicular — broadly-elliptic,  s[)oitcd,  A  to  :> 
. overed  by  the  broad  velum  ;  niacrospores  0.40— 0.50  nun.  tlii(  k. 
covered  with  broad,  retiise  spinules,  soinctinies  soniewlial  con- 
fhient  and  then  dentate  and  incised  at  the  tip;  iniciispons 
0.026—0.030  mm.  long,  smooth.  ( /.  Ihamui  nurien.)  N()\a 
Scotia,  New  I'^ngland,  New  York,  New  Jersey,  IV'nnsylvaiii.i. 
Ontario,  Michigan  (GiUiiian),  Head  of  Hear  River,  I'lali  (  \\'a(- 
soti),  Greenland  (['<?///). 

Var.  robusta  Engelm.  Stopter;  leaves  25 — 70,  5'— 8' long, 
with  abundant  stomata  all  over  their  surface ;  velum  covering 
one  half  of  the  large,  spotted  sporangia;  macrospores  0.36  -0.  55 
mm.  thick.    Lake  Champlain,  north  end  of  Isle  La  Motte  {Pim- 

Var.  Boottii  Engelm.  Leaves  12  —  20,  erect,  soft,  bright- 
green,  4 — 5'  long,  with  few  slomata  -nostlv  near  the  tij);  spti- 
rangia  nearly  orbicular,  pale-spotted,  jj  or  more  covered  by  the 
broad  velum  ;  macrosjiores  0.39  0.50  mm.  thick,  with  l(jn<;er, 
more  slender  and  delicate,  generally  simple  spiindi,'s  ;  micro- 
spores 0.026 — 0.030  mm.  long.  (/.  Jyoottii  A.  H..)  Round 
Pond,  Woburn,  and  in  bn/ok  in  Tol'it  Swamp,  Le.xingtor., 
Massachusetts  yHooft). 

Var.  muricata  Engelm.  Leaves  15 — r'o,  flaccid,  brii;ht- 
green,  6-  12' long,  with  very  few  stomat.i ;  sj)orangia  iiroadiv 
oval,  pale-spotted,  about  half  covered  by  the  velum;  macro- 
spores  0.40 — 0.58  mm.  thick,  with  sl-ortcr  and  more  cotiJlueni, 
sometimes  almost  crest-like  spinnles;  microspores  0.028  0.032 
mm.  long,  slightly  rough  on  the  edges.  (/.  muricata  Duricu.) 
Woburn  Creek  and  Abajona  river  near  Boston,  Massachusetts 
{Booit). 

5.  I.  Dolanderi  Engelm.  Leaves  ;, — 25,  erect,  soft,  bright- 
green,  tapering  to  a  fme  pv)int,  2'— 4.II'  long,  with  thin  walls  and 
generally  few  stomata;  sporaiigi;'  l)roadIy  oblong,  mostly  un- 
spotted, with  a  narrow  velum  ,    ligula  triangular ;  macrospores 


2!>i^ 


'A- 


''•'.v. 


ISOETACE^. 


145 


.M\>ti(' 


f  ".ivcs 
'■I'ddisli- 

■  'InVl^. 

)     N'ov.i 
•yl\arii;i, 

ovciiii'4 
36     o.  55 

[»;   spo- 
l>y  ihe 

inicro- 
RouikI 

roarlly 
iiacro- 
luciU, 
0.03  J 
iricu.) 
.:  setts 

i.tjlit- 
>  arifl 
■  iiii- 
)orcs 


0.30—0,45  mm.  ttiick,  marked  with  minute  low  tubercles,  rarely 
confluent  int(;  wrinkles;  microspcjres  ileep-br(jwn,  0.026-0.031 
mm.  long,  spinuiose,  rarely  smooth.  (/.  Califoynica  ICngeim.) 
Western  Colorado  (/?r<?;/</<;i4tV'),  Utah,  California,  to  Washington 
Territory. 

§  2.   .ImphibiouSy  partially  oncn^cd ;  stomal  a  ahvays  present. 

*  Pcnphcral  hasl-buiullcs  absent. 
t  I  'clum  partial. 

6.  I.  saccharata  Kngelm.  Trunk  usually  flat,  depressed  ; 
leaves  10-20,  awl-shapcd,  spreading,  olive-green,  2'— 3' long ; 
sp(irangia  oblong,  s()otted,  with  a  narrow  velum  ;  ligula  trian- 
gular; macrospores  0.40 — 0.47  mm.  thick,  covered  with  very 
minute,  distinct  warts,  which  are  sometimes  a  little  confluent ; 
microspores  papillose,  0.024 — 0028  mm.  long.  Banks  (A 
Wicf)mico  river,  beuiw  Salisbury,  and  of  Nanticoke  river.  East- 
ern Maryland  {Ca)ibY). 

7.  I.  riparia   Engelm.     Leaves  1 5    -30,  slender,  rather  rigid.     dOj^Q 
deep-green,   4'— 8'   long,  with    numerous    stomata ;    sporangia 
mostly  oblong,  distinctly  brown-s|)otted.  \  or  \  covered  by  the 
velum;  macrospores  0.45-   0.65  mm.  thick,  marked  with  is(jlated 

or  anastomosing,  jagged  crests;  microspores  more  or  less  tuber- 
culate.  0.028 — 0.032  mm.  l(Mig.  Hanks  of  Delaware  River  from 
Biulington  to  Wilmington,  Deiawaie  ;  llxbridge.  Massachusetts 
(Ro' bins);  Hrattleborough,  Vermont  {l-'rost)  ;  Maine  (C'lieAerin^); 
Crow  River,  Haiitings  County,  Ontario  {Macoun). 

tt  Velum  iomplite. 

8.  I.  melanospora  Fingelm.  Trunk  flat,  oidy  slightly 
F  ilobcd  ;  leaves  5 — 10,  distichous,  slender,  tapering,  light-green, 
2' — 2\'  long;  sporangia  orbicular  or  almost  obcordatc,  \' — i" 
long,  entirely  covered  by  the  velum;  ligula  short  triangular, 
obtuse;  macrospores  0.35 — 0.45  mm.  long,  roughened  with 
distinct  or  rarely  somewhat  confluent  warts,  dark-colored  ; 
microspores  smoothish  or  slightly  papillose,  0.028-0.031  mm. 
l(jng.  In  shallow  excavations  in  granite  rock.  Stone  Mounlain, 
Georgia  iCanby). 

■f-f  l^eriphe/  at  bast-bundles  present. 
t  Velum  /  v'ial  or  entirely  icuvitini:^. 

9.  I.  Engelmanni    .'..    15r.      Le.vcs     25—100,    light-green, 
lu 


I 

til 


i 


it 


V  •^ 


146     OCA'   XATIVE   FERXS  AXD    THEIR  ALLIES. 

9— 20  or  more  long,  with  al)ninl;iiit  stomata  ;  sporangia  oU- 
long-liiiear-oblong,  unspoiled,  wiili  a  narrow  velum;  ligula 
cltjugalo  from  a  iriangular  base;  lii.. oospores  040 — 0.52  miu. 
liiick,  delicately  honcycomb-reticiilated;  micr()S[)ores  usually 
smooth,  0.024—0.028  mm.  long.  Van  d'or^/anu  Kngelni.  has 
fewer  leaves  and  larger  (0.4S-0.56  mm.  thick)  macrospores. 
New  luigland  and  New  York,  Missouri  ami  Illinois;  the  vari- 
ety in   llorseleg  Creek,  Floyd  County,  Georgia  (Can!iy). 

I'lir.  gracilis  Engclm.  Leaves  8 — 12,  often  submerged, 
9' — 12  long,  the  bast  bundles  often  (juite  small  or  only  two 
l^resent.     New    Knglaiul  ;    Passaic   River.  New  jersey  (luuu's). 

I'lir.  valida  Engelm.  Leaves  50  -  200.  keeled  on  tlu.  upper 
side,  18-25'  1""ik;  sporangia  often  linear-oblong  4" — 9  long, 
J  to  i-  covered  by  the  broad  velum  ;  nuu:rospores  0.32-0.48  mm. 
thick;  microspores spinulosc, 0.024 — 0.027  mni.  long.  Warrior's 
Mark  and  Smitliville,  Pennsylvania  { /',>r/,r) ;  Wilmington, 
Delaware  {Can/>y). 

10.  i.  Howellii  Kngelm.  Leaves  10—25.  bright  green, 
5' — 8'  long,  wilh  thick  liissepiments  ;  sporangia  ov;d,  li'— 2A' 
long,  uns[)ot.Led,  ]  to  .1  ccjvere  '  :)y  the  velum;  ligulaawl-shaped, 
as  long  as  the  sporangium  ;  macrospores  0.43  0.48  mm.  thick, 
rough  with  prominent,  rounded,  single  or  sonu'times  cc^nilucnt 
tubercles.     Dalles  of  the  Columbia,  ()reg(jn  {IIouu/I). 

11.  I.  nuda  Lngelm.  Leaves  10-15.  brigli.-green,  6  — 9' 
long;  spcjrangia  oval,  lighl-brown,  attached  to  the  base  (jf  the 
leaves  by  the  median  line  only,  the  velum  entirely  wanting ; 
ligula  somewhat  triangul.ir  ;  macrospores  0.366—0.4  mm.  thick, 
slightly  luberculate.  the  tubercles  somewhat  confluent.  Hood 
River.  Oregon  {Ilcnucll). 

W  J 't-ln))i  iuiitplctc. 

n.  I.  flaccida  Shuttleworth.  Leaves  10 — 35,  light-green, 
15' — 2°  long,  submerged,  floating  on  the  surface  or  wholly 
emergcfl;  sporangia  oval,  2  — 3  long,  entirely  covered  by  the 
velum;  macrosp(jres  0.30-  0.42  mm.  thick,  covered  with  many 
or  rarely  few,  large  (lattish  tubercles,  distinct  or  confluent  into 
labyrinthiform  wrinkles.  Var.  rii^ida  Engelm.  is  smaller,  with 
more  slender,  erect,  dark-green  leaves,  5' — 6'  hjiig.  I-ake  Im- 
monia,  near  Tallahassee,  Florida  (A'j/j^'r/);  also  near  Manatee, 
Florida  {Cnir/h'r).     The  variety  at  Lake  Flirt,  Florida  {uar/wr). 


ISO /■:'/' A  CI-.-E. 


M7 


l\ir.  Chapmani    lMij;rlin.     Leaves    about  30.  Ihxiliiijj;,    18 
l()iij,S  sporaii^'ii  ()rl)iciilar ;  macrospores  0.44-055  mm.  thick, 
almost  smootli  on  the  upper  side;  micros|)()res  sliglitiy  papil- 
lose, 0.027 — 0.030    nun.   l()ii<;.     Near   Mariana,    I'lorida  (C/iap- 
man). 

§  3.  Ttrrt'stnal ;  Iravcs  vearly  tnaiti^itliir,  ivi'tli  ixbiindant 
siovuxta  and  />ir//}/u'ral  baxl-lniniilts,  f/i/ik  disscpiiiwnts  and 
small  air-ca7'itics. 

•'■  Trunk  hiiohcd. 
\  Velum  fhutidl  or  almost  ■rvantini:^. 

13.  I.  melanopoda  j.  day.  Poly^Mnioiis ;  trunk  snl)-<:;lo- 
l)0.«c,  deeply  l)ilol)e{l ;  leaves  15-60,  slender,  stilY,  erect,  l)rij.,dit- 
^reen,  usually  black  at  base,  5 — 10'  f)r  more  lonj^ ;  s[)<)ranj;ia 
mostly  ohlonj,'.  2' — 5'  Ioiilj,  spotted,  with  a  narrow  velum; 
li^ula  trian<.;ular  aw'1-shaped  ;  macrospores  0.25-— 0.40  mm. 
thick,  with  depressed  tubercles  often  confluent  into  worm-like 
wrinkles,  or  almost  smooth  ;  microspores  spinulose,  0.023—0.028 
mm.  lonj,^  v'ar.  pallida  ICnjj;elm.  is  lartjer,  with  pale  leaf-bases 
and  broader  velum.  Rinjifwood  and  Athens,  Illinois  {llalh\ 
Clinton,  Iowa  ( /'.7.\V)')  ;  Limestone  Ciap,  Indian  Territfjry  {lUd- 
Icr).     The  variety  at  IIf)Uston,  Texas  i  I  fall). 

14.  I.  maritima  Und.  Monoecious;  trunk  small,  only 
slij^ditly  bilobcd;  leaves  8 — 15,  rij'jid,  p;recn,  i' — 2'  \o\v^,  ,y — I" 
wide;  sporantjia  oval,  2"  lonjj;,  i]"  wide,  brownish  white,  one- 
third  to  one-half  covered  by  the  velum;  ligule  small;  macro- 
spores 0.42 — 0.4S  mm.  thick,  densely  si)inulose,  the  spines  blunt, 
rarely  confluent;  microspores  smooth,  white,  0.32 — 0.35  mm. 
thick.     In  sal':  marsh.  Albcrni,  Vancouver  Island  (Afaroun). 

15.  I.  Butleri  Enjj^clm.  Dicccious;  trunk  sub-globose; 
leaves  8 — 12,  riijid,  bri^ht-j^reen.  3—7'  lonjc;;  sporangia  usually 
oblong,  spotted,  with  a  very  narrow  velum  or  none  ;  ligula  awl- 
shaped  fit.ni  a  triangular  base;  macrospores  0,50—0.63  mm. 
thick,  marked  with  knobs  or  warts,  distinct  or  sometimes  con- 
fluent;  microspores  p.ijiillose,  dark-brown,  0.028^0.038  mm. 
long.  Var.  hnmaculata  Eiigclm.  is  larger,  with  unspotted 
sporangia,  and  spinulose  microspores,  the  macrosjiores  0,40 — • 
0.56  mm.     In  saline  flats,  near  Limestone  Gap,  Indian  Territory 


zoiy 


148      OUJi  NATIVE  /-'ERA'S  AXP   THEIR  ALLIES. 


(liutUr),     The  variety  in   cedar  barrens,  near  Nasliville,  'I 


en- 


{Cult  til 


'■)■ 


nessce 

1 1   /  ',/uiii  coinplt'tr. 

"iOb'O  16.    I.  Nuttallil    A.    Br.     Trunk    almost    p;lf)l)oso,  sli^litlv 

f^rooved  ;  leaves  20 — 60,  slender,  bri^lit-^'reen,  3 — 9  long,  wiih 
only  three  peripheral  hast-lnindles  ;  sporanj,na  ohloni;  or  oval, 
entirely  covered  by  the  vehini ;  iiiacrosporcs  variable,  0.25  -0.50 
mm.  thick,  densely  covered  with  min.ite  but  rounded  warts,  or 
rarely  almost  smooth;  microspores  papillose,  brown,  0.025  — 
0.038  mm.  long.  (/.  opaca  Nntt.)  Oregon,  Washington  Tiiri- 
tory ;  Western  Idaho  (6'<;;v7),  V'ancouvei'  Island  [Miuoini). 

**  Trunk  (n'lohi-ii ;  7't'lum  loniplctc. 

17.  I.  Suksdorfii  P»aker.  Leaves  12-20,  firm,  bright 
green,  very  slender,  arcuate,  dei^ply  channell<Hl  along  the  lace. 
2' — 3'  long,  less  than  J  wide;  sporangia  orbicular,  2"  long  and 
broafl ;  liguhi  deltoirl ;  macrosporcs  grayish-white,  faintly  granu- 
lated. W.  Klickitat  Count)-,  Washington  TL-rritory  (.S/z/.w /,;;/, 
No.  8;/.). 


ni- 


GLOSSARY  AND  INDEX. 


with 

OV.ll. 

-0.50 

Is,  or 

"<tri- 


Acrogenoua  (dr.  dupov.  iiic  liif;li- 

cst  part,  anil  y":''''"'".  to  iirotlucfi,  per- 
taining to  pLiiits  whose  j,'rowili  takes 
place  at  the  suinniii.  Inclmlcs  Kerns, 
Mosses,  etc. 

AcrostlchetB,  ?'''■ 

Acrostlchum,  a;;  also  5,  6,  12,  76. 

Aculeate  (I. at.  dc/^/e-z/j,  diminulive 
(il  irits,  a  neeilk),  armed  with 
prickles. 

Adder-tongue.  'V,/f  Ophio- 
Klossum. 

Adiantum,  s*;  also  5,  ij,  71,  77. 

Adnate  (I-at.  mi  to,  /Mi./,  to  he 
born),  ^rowin^J  fast  to  some  other  por- 
tion of  the  plant. 

Algfe,  4''i.  -Literature  of,  51. 

Allosorus.  /Vi/c  Crypto- 
gramine. 

Analogy  ((li.  a'la,  according  to; 
Ao'yov,  r.uio,  proportion),  similarity  in 
function;  distinguished  from  homolo- 
gy, indicatiiitr  similarity  in  structure. 

Anastomose  (<"ir.  HiaCTTo/xour,  to 
open  into),  formiiifj  a  net-work;  said 
of  veins  which  unite  with  each  other, 

Aneitnia,  i->j;  also  18,79. 

Annulus  (I-at.  a  ring),  the  ring 
partly  or  completely  surroundinp  the 
sporangium. 

Antheridium  (phi.  antherliUa) 
(F.at.  antlu-f,i,  ,in  anther,  ar  '  r. 
fifioi,  form),  the  part  containing  the 
male  element,     co. 

Antherozoid  (Lat.  antlwra,  an 
anther;  Gr.  ^(Jom,  an  animal,  and  tiJos, 
form),  tlie  male  element  of  crypto- 
gams.    20. 

Archegonium  (plu.  nr(Jieg:ottiii\ 
(dr.  dfi-nt),  beginning,  and  vo'"?.  ofT- 
spring),  the  part  containing  the  fe- 
male element.    20. 


Arcuate  (Lat.  <i>v«j,a  bow), curved 

like  a  how. 
Areola  (plu.  .i».,'/„  ».     (Lat.  dnninu- 

tivc  ol  r(>i<(,  an  open  pl.ieei,  a  space 

enclosed  by  an.istoinusing  vemlets. 
Asexual      Reproduction      in 

l'"erns.     ^.7. 
Aspidleae,  78. 
Aspidium,  no;  also  2,  5, 7,  8,  10,  n, 

16,  jO,  .!..•,  (,(.,  78. 

Asplenieeo,  78. 

Asplenium,  ic.3;  also  a,  3,  5,  6,  15 

-■7.  7'^- 

Auriculate  (I.at.  <uiri,  n<a,i\  little 
ear),  furnished  with  car-like  append- 
ages. 

Azolla,  127  ;  also  j9. 

B 

Beech-fern.  I'iJe  Phegop- 
teris. 

Bl  (Lat. /'/j,  twite),  (as  a  preli.x)  two, 
twice  or  doubly. 


I'idi-  Cystop- 


Bladder-fern. 

teris. 
Blecl^neae,  77- 
Blechnum,  loj ;  also  15, 77. 
Botrychium,  i:.'y;  also  2,  3,  5,  19, 

^0.  30. 
Brake     or      Bracken.       I'iifc 

Pteris. 
Bryophyta  (Gr.  ^pvov,  moss,  and 

t/iuTo'i',  plant).  50. 
Buds,  borne  on  ferns.  27. 
BulbletS,  borne  on  ferns,  27. 


Caiamarlaceae,  67. 

Camptosorus,  loS  ;  also  1.6,  9, 16. 

■7.  7S. 

Carboniferous    Age,    Pterido- 
phytes  of,  66, 


i 


I'O 


GLOSSAKY  AX.)   IXDF.X. 


Carinate    U-'t-    luri/i.i,    a    keel),      Connate   (I-at.  .,>«,  loKctlur,  ami 


It'-'f 


kcclcit. 
Carpophyta  (Or.  KapTro'?,  fruit,  and 

ijtvTiif,   plillll),    (i;. 

Castaneous  (Kat.  cist.mfii,  a 
clicsinuU,  clicsttuil-CDlorcil. 

Caudate  U-at.  cuui.i,  a  tail),  fur- 
iiisliLcl  witli  a  slcnilcr  ap|>fiida};c  ix- 
si-mhlm^;  a  tail. 

Caudex  (Lat.  a  stem),  llie  ii|)ri>,'lit 
niotslDck  formiiiL;  tlic  trunk  of  a  iroc- 
fcrn.  8. 

Cellulose  (Lat.  fi-iiu/a,  a  littlcccll), 
llic  substance  cuinpi)sin({  tlic  wall  of 
cells,  containing'  llie  elenicnts  car- 
bon. iiyilr<)!,'en,  ai',1  o.x;Ken. 

Ceraceous  (Lat.  <<•;■<«,  wax),  hav- 
i.i>,'  the  nature  of  wax. 

Ceratopteridece,  77. 

Ceratopteris,  101  ;  also  g,  14. 77, 

CharacecB,  5u<.— Literature  of,  5^. 

ChartaceOUS  (Lat.  iharta.w.  k-.if 
of  |).ii)iri,  li.iviiiff  the  texture  of  paper 
or  parelinient. 

Cheilanthes,  91  ;  also  3,  6,  3,  13, 

^6,  .|3,  77. 

Clilorophyll  Ulr.  \Ku}pt\<:,  j,'reen, 
ami  i/mIa.Voi',  leaf),  the  ^recn  grains 
fotininj{  lliceolorin>;  ma'jerof  plants. 

Christmas-fern.  '/,('«•  Aspid- 
i  u  in . 

Ciliate  n,at.  d/i-  n,  an  eyelasln, 
tiavinj,'  on  the  margin  a  friii^;i-  nf 
hairs  resemblinjf  the  frin(,'in(,'  eye- 
lashes. 

Cinnainon-fern.  I'uic  Os- 
munda. 

Circinate  (l-al.  cininus,  a  pair  of 
compasses),  rolled  inward  from  the 
ape.  ,  8. 

Classification  of  the  V'c;:ciablc 
K'inndoin,  ^S.   -I'riiuiple  of.  45. 

Cliff-braKO.    ''/./.•  PellsRa. 
Climbinjjf-fern.     /V./,     Lygo- 

dium. 
Cloak-fern  /v./f     Notho- 

Irena. 
C!ub-mo3S.       Viiic    I.ycopo- 

diiirn. 
Confluent    (I.at.  cph,  tojjetlur,  anil 

JIueri\  to  (low),  blended  lo(.;ctlicr. 


iiiisii,  lo  l)e  bom  I,  united  io),'ttlicr 
from  the  first. 

Cordate  tl.at.  .or,  the  heart),  heart- 
shaped. 

Coriaceous  U-at.  iOrium,  a  hide), 
leathery. 

Cotton-fern.  I'iih-  Notho- 
l.nena. 

Crenate  (I.at.  .r,-«,(,  a  notch),  hav- 
ing the  niar};inse.illo|.ed  with  loundul 
teeth. 

Ci'enulate  (Lat.  <>-,  „,-,/,i,  a  litile 
notch),  scalloi)ed  with  sni.dl  iDundcd 
tecih. 

Cryptogamia  (<ir.  Kpuirro's,  hid- 
den, V"/''J'>.  marriage),  (lowerltss 
plants;  an  obsolete  term. 

Cryptosramme,  >,■}■,  also  .•,  1 ,.  77. 

Cu  Itivation,  Literature  of,  7. 
Cuneate    (Lat.    untfus,    a    wed>,'e), 
weil.;e  shaped. 

Cystopteris,  uS,  also  4.5,  6,  iC, 
-7,  78. 


Deciirrent  (L.u.  </.-,  down,  and 
(//■r/i/v,  to  run),  pmlontjed  on  ilu 
rachis. 

Ueer-fern.     / /</.  Lomaria. 

Deltoid  1'  ir.  6.Ara,  the  letter  1 ),  .md 
»i6os,  form),  triangular,  like  theCireek 
delta. 

Dentate  (Lat.  fAvM,  a  tooth), 
lootheil. 

Denticulate  (Lat.  ,/f>ih\u/u.\,  di- 
minutive of  lUiis,  tooth),  finely 
toothed. 

DesmidiacecT!,  u      Literature  of, 
Determinr.tion  of    Species, 

'H. 

Devonian  Age,  Pieridophytes  of, 

I  in. 

DiatOmacefe,   .|>  -Literature   of, 

Dichotomous  (dr.  &i\a.  .isundcr, 
and  T./iinr.  to  cut),  two  forkeil. 

Dicksonia,  i-m  :  also  3,  s.  ?■  '?•  ti- 
DicksonierB.  71 
Dimorphisin,    1.     Lilerature,  of  7 


>;,-  # 


(JLOSS.IA'V  .I.V/)   IXDKX. 


'51 


iic;iri- 


Dimorphous  ((ir.  6is-,  twice,  ami       Filices,  75- 

jiiopi/)i(,  shape,  turiii),  1)1   ivvu  lurins;       Filifornn     (I.ai.     /Hum,     a    thread, 
baiil  ot  Icriis  whose  Icrtile  Ironds  arc  /or ma,  furini,  tliiead-like. 


uiihke  the  sterile. 
Dioecious  I'ir.  fits,  twice,  and  oUo?, 


Flabellate  ^L:\\..Jlabtlium,  a  fan), 
(aiish.iped;    broad    and    rouiulcd    at 


iiuusfj,  be.iniif;   the  male  aiui  leinalc  tliu  siiininil  and  narrow  at  the  l)ase. 


organs  on  dilTereni  plants. 
Distichous    ((ir.    «i«,    twice,    and 


Flaccid   (I.at.  Jlaccus,    llabby),    soft 
and  weak. 


i/Ti\os,  .1  row),  dis|)()sed  in  two  mws      Floating-f  ern.      'V.A-    Cera- 
Distribution,    (icoRraphic,    oo.—         topteris. 


(;ei 


nc,  H5- 


L 


il. 


Dorsal  {Lm.  €i«rsum,  the  back;,  per- 
taining 10  or  situated  un  the  back. 


Ebeneous    d-at.    i/unus,   ebony), 

lilack  like  ebony. 
Elater,    the    spirally  coiled  a|)pend- 

a^jcs  01  tlic  spores  of  J\(/iiiMttim. 
Endospore  ttjr.  ix&ov,  wiilun,  .uid 

ffiropos-,  a  seed),  llie  inner  wall  ol  the 

S|)OIC. 

Epidermis  ((ir.  tm,  upon,  and 
itpixa,  the  skin),  the  e.Mern.il  covernij; 
of  tlic  pi. int. 

Epiphytic  Ulr.  tni,  upon,  and 
</iuToi',  a  pl.uit).  urowint;  up(tn  .m- 
other  |il.uit,  but  not  nourished  by  it 

Equisetaceee,  i,;.;;  also  31.— Lit- 
er,i'";c  ol,  i). 

Equisoturn,  ij.-;  also  31,  n,  <7. 

ExosporO  l<>r.  ifu),  oulside,  ami 
CT7ro,jiJv.  .1  seed  I,  the  external  covering 
of  the  spore. 


Falcate  (I.at..Ai/i,  a  sickle),  scythe- 
sh.ipnl  ;  sliyhily  curved  upward. 

Farinose  il.at.  /ariua,  nr'"""' 
corn-,  covered  with  a  white  or  yellow- 
ish pi'wdci. 

Fern  Allies,  2S 

Fern  Structure,  I.licranireof,  -s 

Ferns,  .Anilicial  Syno|)sis  of  m'ticr.i 
of.  K.i.  Mode  of  t,'rowili,  .'..  Tinie  of 
fruit  inn,  .»  —Variation  in.  2. 

Ferruginous  (l-at.  /,rnim,  iron). 
rcsi'niblin(j  iron  rust. 

Fertilization,  .m. 

Fibrlllose  n.ai.  ///o-,c.  a  thread), 
formed  of  sm.i!!  fibres. 


Flowering-fern.  l'i<ic  Os- 
munda. 

Foliaceous  (I.at.  folium,  a  leaf), 
having  the  nature  of  a  leaf. 

Fovea  (Lat.  a  small  pit),  the  depres- 
sion in  the  leaf  of  hoitcs  containing; 
the  sporangium. 

Frond  <\.m.  /tons,  a  leafy  bou^h), 
that  winch  answers  to  the  leaf  in 
ferns,  S,  .f.. 

Fructification  ot  Kerns,  10;  of 
Ori:ioi.i.oss.\i  K.i- ,  30;  of  Kijuiselum, 
33;  of  Chio  mosses,  35;  of  Isoilis,  38; 
of  .Utitsi/iii,  39;  of  /'//u/(tita,  yj; 
of  Azol/ii,  31;  of  Sii/:'i/iiit,  40. 

Fulvous  (I. .It.  /uh'us,  reddish-yel- 
low I,  tawny. 

Fungi,  47.—  Literature  of,  52. 


Gasteromycetes,  s^-  —  Litera- 
ture of,  55. 

Genera,  h- 

Generic  Names,  \\. 

Geographic  Distribution,  f^- 
-  Literature  of,  '7. 

Geologic  Distribution,  I's- 

Germination  of  Kerns,  1,;;  of 
Ollllooi  o -s.M  K.i:,  30;  of  Kijiiisrtum, 
33;  of  Club-mosses,  36;  of  isoilis,  38; 
of  M,itsi/i,i.  40.  -  Literature  of,  j 3. 

Glabrous  (Lat.  .!,•/,*/•<•/■,  smooth) 
smooth. 

Glanduliferous  (Lat.  f;l,in,liila,  a 

hltle  kernel,  and  /(>>(,  to  bear),  fui- 

nisheil  with  j,'l.imls. 
Glaucous  i<lr.  fya.vKU'i,  scajjrecni, 

coveietl  with  a  bloom  like  a  plum. 
Globose,  s|>herical  in  f'lrm  or  nearly 

■o. 
Goethe  on  species,  43. 


\^2 


a/.OSS.tA'V  .LVD    INDEX. 


Gold -fern.        Vide    Gymno- 

gramme 
Grammitideae,  76- 
Grape  -  fern.       I'nie      Botry- 

chium. 
Ground -pine,    Ground -fir, 

etc.    r/,/.' Lycopodium. 
Gymnogramme,  I'W  also  3.  v,  i j, 

41,  66,  76. 


H 


I'ide    LygO- 
I'iii,-  ScoiO- 


Hartford-fern. 

d  i  u  m . 
Hart's-tongue. 

pendrium. 
Hastate  (Lit.  /iiist.i,  a  spcar),  fur- 

nislicd  with  spreading  lobes  on  each 

side  at  the  base. 
HelveliacesB,    50.— Literature   of, 

54- 
Hepattcae,    47.  S'^  — I-ilerature   of, 

57- 

Herbaceous  (I,at.  //<•>•/>,»,  ati  herb), 
liavinj,'  the  texture  of  common  herb 
aRC. 

Heterosporous  (Gr.  trtpos,  oilier 
ami  <Ttropu«,  a  si'e>l»,  produtinp  two 
kinds  of  si>ores,  as  in  Sehigiufliii, 
Marsilia,  etc. 

Histology  (Gr.  IffTot,  web,  tissue, 
and  Aoyo";,  a  discourse),  the  stuily  of 
the  microscopic  characters  of  the  tis- 
sues of  plants  and  animals. 

Holly-fern.     'V,/^  Aspidium. 

Horsetail.     ''/,/,•    Equisetum. 

Hymenomycetes,  so.  -  I-iura- 
lure  of,  55. 

HymenophyllaceaB.  n,  ■i(\  7). 

I 

Imbricate  (I-at.  /m/'ffx,  a  hollow 

tile),   breakin;,'   joints     like   slat<s  or 

shingles. 
Indunium    <p\il.   indusin)   iLat.    ii'- 

iiufn;   to    cliilhc).   the    inembranMus 

covering  of  the  sporangia   in  many 

species  of  ferns. 
Inferior,  attached  below;  said  of  an 

indusium  below  the  sporangia  as  in 

Wih'ifsi<t. 

Intramarginal  H-ai  inf>ii.  with 


in,  and   utatgo,  a  border),   near  the 
margin. 

Involucre  (Lat.  involrete,\.o  wrap 
up),  the  indusium. 

Isoetaceae,  mj;  also  37.— Litera- 
ture of,  }8. 

Isoetes,  M--;  also  37,  33,  67. 

Isosporous  (Gr.  i<ros,  e(iual,  and 
ffjropos-,  a  seed),  |)roduciiiK  spores  of 
one  kind. 

L 

Lace-fern.  ''/',/,•  Cheilanthes. 

Lacinia  (plu.  iiuiniu)  iLat.  the  l.iji- 

pel  of  a  ^'arinent  1,  a  lon^j  narrow  lobe. 

Lady-fern.    //,/,•  Asplenium. 

Lanceolate  (Lat.  /,im<w,j,  a  little 

speir),  l.tiice-sh.iped. 

Lepidodendraceae,  (-i- 
Lichenes,  47.  ?,o.-  Literature  of,  54. 
Ligula  (Lat.  a  strap),  a  tri.ui),'ular  or 

somewhat    elongate    stipule  like    or- 
gan  of   the  leaf   in    Iscitrs,   situated 

above  the  sporangium. 
Linear  (Lat.  ///;,■,»,  a  line),  long  and 

narrow. 
Linnaeus,  definition  of  species,  43.  - 

System  of,  47. 
Lip-fern.    ''/,/<•  Cheilanthes. 
Lobule  I  Lat.  M'u/iis,  diminutive  of 

/('/•us,  a  lobe),  a  small  lobe. 
LoiTiaria,  i'>i;  also  2,  14,  77. 
Lunate  (Lat. /«;;.»,  the  moon),cres- 

cent-sh.iped. 
Lunulate  (Lat.    '/<;/.v/<i,  diminutive 

of    /////.J,    the    moon  I,     smaller    than 

lunate. 
Lycopodiaceae,    135;    •''^o   34  — 

Liter.iture  of,  37. 
Lycopodium,  135'.  »>so  14,  35,  36, 

<'7- 

Lygodium,  122;  also  4,  17,  66, 79. 


M 

Macro-  (Gr.  M^fpov,  long),  (as  a  pre- 
fi.\)  large  or  long. 

Maidenhair.    /V,/c  Adiantum. 

Male-fern.    '/,/,•  Aspidium. 

Marattiaceae,  45. 

Marsilia,  1  -v,  also  y),  40,  67, 

Marsiliaceae,  us;  also 39.— Litera- 
ture of,  4<j. 


GI.OSSAh'V  AND   IXDEX. 


15.5 


I  he- 
wrap 
it  c  ra- 


les. 

1.,,,- 

l>l>0. 

im. 

Iiitle 


MesOZOic  Age,  I'tcridophytcs  of, 

(II). 
Micro  iCir.  (iixpov,  small),  (as  aprclix) 

small. 
Midvein,  the  niitldle  or  main  vein  of 

a  Irond,  pinna,  pinnule,  or  scument. 
Mimicry,  3. 
Mona3cious  (Or.  mo'ot,  smple,  ami 

OIK09,  house),  bearinjj  tlic   male  and 

female  orpans  on  different   parts  of 

the  same  plant. 
Moonwort.      /'/,/.•    Botrychi- 

II  m. 
Mucronate   d.at.    mucr,\   a  sharp 

point),  liavinfj  the  midvj-in  prolonged 

beyond  the  pinniik-,  form intr  a  sharp 

point. 
Miisci  (misses),    47,    50.— Literature 

of,  -J,. 

Myxomycetes,    4;^.  —  Literature 

of,  5J- 

N 

Nephrodiiim.  /'/,/,•  Aspidium. 
Nephroiepis,  117;  also  6,  iC,  7S. 
Nomenclature,  4- 

Notholaena,  s.s;  :''«"  ^  9.  '3,  'i^- 


Oak-fern,  f v,/,  Phegopteris. 
Oblong,  fi. iin  two  to  four  times  as 

Iniij;  as  hro.iil. 
Obovate    <Lat.    o/\    reversed,    and 

iKiiii/,  an  t'm,'),  inverted  ovate. 

Onoclea,  119;  also  1,  3.  5,  10.  17.  fo, 

Oophyta  t<ir.  wdr.  an  Q^K  (spore), 

and  i/)i'T()i',  plant  1,  41. 
Oosphere  i<>r.  ioi-,  an  egp),  the 

female  element  of  I'teriilopliyies. 
Oospore    i<>i"     weir,    an    epp,    and 

(TTTopfi?,    a    seed),    the     fertilized   oii- 

spliere. 

OphioglossacesB,  128;  also  a8.— 

Literature  of,  \t. 

Ophioglossum,  i-'S;  also  6,  ?9,  30. 

Orbicular  (Lat.  i»/-ien/i.::,  diminu- 
tive of  or/'ix,  a  circle),  circular. 

Orders,  4-- 

Osmunda,   1^4;  also  a,  i.  4.  <;.  6,  i3, 

OsmundaceEB,  i'.  79- 


I   Ostrich-fern.    /V./f  Onoclea. 

Ovate  (Lat.  o77<w,  an  cpp),  havinn 

the  form  of  the  longitudinal  plane  of 

an  CUP  with  the  base  downward. 

Ovoid   (Lat.  <J7';<;;/,  an  cpp,  and  (Ir. 

fi6o?,  form),  havinp   the  form  of  an 

I       cfip. 

I  P 

Paleaceous    (Lat.  /.i/,m,   ch.iff), 

j       clothed  with  chaffy  h.iirs. 
Palmate  (L.it.   /,»/;«./,  ilie    handi, 
with  the  divisions  spreading  from  the 
end  of  the  stalk  like  the  lingers  of  the 
hand. 

Panicle  (Lat.  paniculii^  a  tuft   on 

plants),  an  open  cluster,  consisting  of 

I       ...ore  or  less  hranehinp  stems  bearitip 

fruit. 

Papillose  (Lat.  /,/////,»,  a  nipple). 

j       bearing    minute    nipple  like    i)rojec- 

tions. 

Papyraceous*  Lat.  /,i/j'>«^,  paper 

iced),  havinp  the  te.xturc  of  paper. 
Pedicel  (Lat.  pediculus,  diminutive 
of  /i-.r,  foot),   the  stalk  of  a  sporan- 
;       piuin. 

I    PelicEa,  97;  ;'lso  2,  3,  6,  14,  77. 

I    Peltate  (Lat.  /,7/,i,  a  small  shield). 

shieUlshape;    s.iid    of    an    indu^ium 

borne  on  a  si.dk  attached  at  its  centre. 

Pentagonal   (f".r.   tr«irt,  live,  and 

71011(1,  aiiLile),  havinp  five  sides. 
PerisporiaceoB,     s  >.     Literature 

of,  =14. 

Peronosporere,  49-  —  Liter.-iture 

of,   ^4. 

Petiole  (Lat. /«"//(»/// 9,  diminutive  of 
/<-.v,  foot),  the  stalk  of  a  |)inna  or 
pinnule. 

Phegopteris,  t^>^;  also  5,  9,  16,  27, 
78. 

Pilose  (Lat.  /'iiiis,  hairy),  covered 
with  soft  hairs. 

Pilularia,  i-'^>;  also  in,  67. 

Pinna  iLal.  a  fe.itlier),  the  primary 
division  of  a  compound  frond. 

Pinnace  (Lat.  //«;/.(,  a  feather),  hav- 
ing the  division',  of  the  fron<l  ar- 
ranged on  the  two  si.les  of  a  coiiiinon 
rachis. 

Pinnatifid    (Lat    //v«.r,  a  feather 


I^ 


G/.OSSAA'V  AXl)  IXDEX. 


I 


and  / >,  h'te,  to  cleave),  liavinj^  the 
sides  of  the  frond,  pinna,  or  pinnule 
c\it  half-way  or  more  to  the  mid  vein. 

Plrtnule  (Lat.  //«;/«/«,  (liminutivc 
of  fimiit,  a  feather),  the  sccnndary 
division  nf  a  fronil  twice  or  more 
compound. 

PolypodiacesB,  n,  76. 

PolypodiefB,  76- 

Poly  podium,  82;  also  6,  7,  10,  n. 

li,  76. 

Pro-embryo,  the  thread  like  pro- 
lonKatir)n  between  tiic  fjc'niinatinjj 
spore  and  tlie  prothallium. 

Prothallium  (Lat.  /ro,  previous 
to,  and  th.iilus,  a  young  shoot),  the 
se.xual  peneration  of  a  frrn,  30. 

Protophyta  ('ir.  7rp(I)To<r,  tlrst,  sim- 
plest, and  </)i)Tor,  a  plant),  48. 

Psilotum,  1J9;  als"  ;?5. 

PteridecE,  76. 

Pteridoid  ((ir.  irTtpn;,  fern,  and 
ti5o?,  form),  fern-like  in  a()pearance. 

Pteridoid  Phase,  -22. 

Pterldophyta  (dr.  rrTe'pn,  fern 
and  c/)ut6i'.  a  |)lanti,  50,  75. 

PterlS,  90;  also  5,  13,  66,  77. 

Pyrenomycetes,  50.  -Literature 
of,  54. 


Quadri-  (I. at.  quattuor,  four),  (as  a 
prefix)  four,  fourfold. 


Rachis  (rir.  "puvi?,  the  spine),  the 
continuation  of  the  stipe  throuf;!!  a 
compound  frond. 

Raphe  (<>r.  ■p"'^'i>  -i  sc.un  or  suture), 
the  rid).je  which  connects  the  sporo- 
carp  vviih  its  stein  in  M,x*-siliii. 

Rattlesnake-fern.  /'/.('.•  Bo- 
trychium. 

Receptacle  (l-at.  r,\i/'e>e,  to  re- 
ceive), the  part  to  which  the  sporan 
fjia    arc   attached,   especi.dly    in    the 

HvMKNOI'HVI.I..\CIM-:. 

Reniform  tl.at.  r.-vrv,  the  kidneys), 

kidney-shaped. 
Resurrection  -  plant.        r/r/c 

Selaginella. 


ReVOlute    (I. at.     rf:oh;-r,-.    to    roll 

back),  rolled  backward;   said   01    the 

ni.ir^,'in  of  fronds. 
Rhizocarps.    /  ../V  Marsilia. 
Rhomboidal  idr. 'po^^o?,  a  rhomh. 

.md  «c5o«,  foim),  approachinjja  rlionili 

in  slia|H'. 
Rock-brake.      I'idf  Crypto- 

Rramine. 
Rock-moss.       '/./■      Selagi- 

nella. 
Roots,  P5. 
Rootstock,  an  underground  stem 

8. 


Salvinia,  i.-?;  also  ;,i,  40. 
Salviniaceee,  i.-;;  also  ;.).-  Litera- 
ture of,  40. 

Scandent  (L:it.  s,,i>i, /,■>;;  tocliinh), 

climbm;;. 
SchiZcBa,  i-m;  also  u,  iS,  7>). 

Schizreacere,  n.  7' 
Schizomycetes,    ■\^     Liti-raturL 

of.  Si. 

Scolopendrium,  i>'7;  also  ■;,  r,, ,,, 

I.).  •->6,  78. 

Scouring- rush.     'V,/,-  Equi- 

setum. 
Segment,  om-  of  the  divisions  of  a 

piiin.ililid  fi.ind. 

Selaglnella,  14";  -dso  ;(,  15,  ,r..  <  y 
SelaginellacenB,   140;  also   14.- 

Literauire  of,  ;; 

Sensitive-fern.       //,/,•   Ono- 

clea. 
Serrate  (Lat.  s,>>;t,  a  s.iw).  h.ivini,' 

the    margin   cut   into   teeth  iioiniiiii; 

forward. 
Sessile  (Lat.  .f. •</(•»■<•,  to  sit),  without 

a  stalk  r)r  j)etiole. 
Set  if  or  m  (Lat.  .r/,/,  a  bristle,  and 

f.iriiut.  form),  tiristlc-like. 
Shield-fern.    /'/,/,•  Aspldium. 
SIgillariacefE,  '7. 
Sinuate    (Lat.    u>ins,    a    bending), 

having  the  margin  alternately  bend- 
ing inward  and  outwaril. 
Sinus  (Lat.  ;i  bending),  a   recess  or 

b.iy;    the  reentering  space  between 

two  lobes. 


GLOSS.IA'V  .LVn  lA^DEX. 


155 


SorUS  (plu.  son)  ((Jr.  fftopo*.  ;i  heap 

(ir  cluster),  tlic  clusters  ol  truit  in  the 

I'oi.vriim  Ai'K.*-;. 
Spatulate   (Lat.    spatula,    a    little 

spoon  I,  shaped  like  a  spatula. 
Species,  n.-  Hi.w  to  determine,  68. 
Specific  Names,  4'- 
Spennaphy  ta  (Gr.  <rTrtp^ci,  a  see<l 

and  i^iDTui',  a  (jl.ini),    50.     Literature 

of.  59- 
SpinillOSe    (I.at.    spina,    u   thuin), 
thorny. 

Spleenwort.      ' ',/,    Aspleni- 

II  m. 
Sporangium  ip'"  •«/<'"«"*'''')  (t»r. 

ijiro(»o«,   a  seed,  and   uYy^'J.  Jl  vessel  1, 

the    ease    or    eap^ule    enclosinj;    the 

spores,  10. 
Spore  (f  •'■.  (TTTopo*.  a  secd>,  the  fniil 

iif  the   liit;lier  cryplo^.tnis,  produced 

asc.xually,  10,  iS. 
Sporocarp  <(Ir.  airopdv,  seed,  and 

K,.,)7rc)s-,    liuiti,    the    frr't-bearinjj   rc- 

cept.ide  in  .1/.i<  jr///<i,  etc. 
Squamous  (I-at.  s,/ua»:a,  a  scale), 

with  appresscd  scales. 
Stellate   d-at.    s/c-//,i,    a  star),  star- 

sliaped. 
Stipe  (I-at.  j/z/ti-,  a  stock),  the  stem 

of  a  frond.  S,  J5. 
Stoma  (I>lu.  stoiiiata)  (Cir.  a  moulh\ 

the  breathinj;  pores  of  plants.  j6,  jv 
Stramineous        (I.at.       strannn^ 

str.iw),  sit.iwcolored. 
Struthiopteris.       '/./<•    Ono- 

clea. 
Sub-    tas    a    preli.x),    about,    nearly, 

somewhat. 
Sub-Orders,  44 
Subulate     (I  at.     sulula,     A   shoe- 

ni.iki  I's  awl),  .iwl  sh.iped. 
Superior,  liiuher,  applied  to  indusia 

that  are  attached  above  the  sorus  .is 

in  .1  s pi. it'll  III. 
Synonymy,  4V 


Tmnitis,  fiS;  also  6,  n,  76. 

Ternate  d.at.  t,->iii,  threr  each), 
branchini,'  into  three  nearly  e<jual  di- 
visions. 


Tertiary    Age,  Pteridophytes  of, 

Thallophyte  ((ir.  fluAAo«,  a  young 
shoot,  and  i/)UTdi',  a  plant),  a  urouj)  of 
|>lants  including  the  lichens,  fungi, 
and  alg;i'. 

Thalioid  <(ir.  daAAds,  a  younp  shoot, 
and  tl6o«,  lorm),  having  the  form  of  a 
thallus,  i.e.,  no  leafy  axis. 

Thalioid  Phase,  ij. 

Tissues,  .(. 

Tissue  Systems,  -s- 

Tomentose  (lat.  toiuentum,  a 
stuiting  of  wool),  covered  with  tn.it- 
ted  woolly  hairs. 

Tomentum  (I.at.  a  stuhing  of 
woo!  t,  the  ilense  matted  woolly  h.iir 
found  on  some  ferns  as  many  species 
of  Cliiilaiitlus. 

Tri-  (I.at.  tris,  three),  (as  a  pretix) 
three,  thrice. 

Tribes,  44 

Trichomanes,  i.v;  also  6,  11,17, 

7'1- 
Trichomes  (dr.  Upif,  hair),  hairs, 

v.iriously  modified  as  scales,  indusia, 

spnr.mgia,  etc.,  produced    from    the 

cpiderm.il  cells,  j'i. 
Triquetrous     (Lat.     tyi-im-ttut), 

three-angled. 
Truncate    dat.    tiuncay,-,    to    cut 

short),  cut  oil  .ibruptly. 
Tufted,  growing  in  clusters. 

U 

Undulate    (I. at.    imdula,   a    Intlc 

wavc>,  wavy  margined. 
Uredineae,  5^  — I'iterature  of,  55. 


Vallecula  Ip'"'  valiiwulir),  the 
grooves  on  the  stems  of  Eijuisctum. 

Variation  among  species,  s. 

Varieties,  44 

Vascular  d-at.  •.asculum,  diminu- 
tive of  vat,  a  vessel),  containing  ves- 
sels, as  elutts,  etc. 

Velum  (lat.  a  cHitiiiii),  the  membra- 
nous m.irgin  of  the  fovea  in  lso,ti-s 

Venation  (I.at.  tv/m,  a  vein),  the 
veiiimg  of  the  frond,  10. 


1^6 


c/A)s.s.iA'y  j.v/)  /x/)/:x, 


Vernation  (F.at.  rvr.  spriiiKi.  tlic      Water-fern.    '</.  Marsilla. 

arraiijjcmcii'.  r.f  the  leaves  or  Ironds       Wood-fern.     //-/<■   AspiclUim. 

in  ilie  biul,  j.j. 
Vittaria.  s.*;  also  6,  13,  76. 


1 11:  also  (),  II,  I 


Vittariese,  7^'. 


Woodsia, 
Woodwardia,  loj;  also  2 

('0.  77. 


7.  •U.  T) 
1  5i  «",  15. 


w 


WalkinK-leaf.       //./.•   Camp-      Zygopliyta  ((Jr.  s^yoi-.  a  yoke,  .uul 


tosorus. 


(/luror,  .1  plant),  48. 


silia. 
iciium. 

I  5.  'o,  15. 


^oke.  and 


